Form 8-K

8-K — INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Accession: 0001193125-26-142885

Filed: 2026-04-06

Period: 2026-04-02

CIK: 0001055726

SIC: 2834 (PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS)

Item: Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement

Item: Other Events

Item: Financial Statements and Exhibits

Documents

8-K — d137120d8k.htm (Primary)

EX-1.1 (d137120dex11.htm)

EX-4.1 (d137120dex41.htm)

EX-4.2 (d137120dex42.htm)

EX-4.3 (d137120dex43.htm)

EX-5.1 (d137120dex51.htm)

EX-99.1 (d137120dex991.htm)

EX-99.2 (d137120dex992.htm)

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GRAPHIC (g137120g0403034717551.jpg)

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XML — IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT (R1.htm)

8-K

8-K (Primary)

Filename: d137120d8k.htm · Sequence: 1

8-K

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 8-K

CURRENT REPORT

Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): April 2, 2026

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

001-14888

33-0969592

(State or other jurisdiction

of incorporation)

(Commission

File Number)

(IRS Employer

Identification No.)

660 W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110

Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(267) 440-4200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name or former address, if changed since last report)

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:

☐

Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)

☐

Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)

☐

Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))

☐

Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading

Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange

on which registered

Common Stock, $0.001 par value

INO

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Item 1.01

Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.

On April 2, 2026, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Piper Sandler & Co., as representative of the several underwriters named therein (collectively, the “Underwriters”), relating to the issuance and sale by the Company in a public offering of 12,500,000 shares (the “Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), and accompanying Series A warrants to purchase up to 12,500,000 shares of its Common Stock (or pre-funded warrants, each representing the right to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.001 (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) in lieu thereof) at an exercise price of $1.40 per share of common stock (or $1.399 per Pre-Funded Warrant) (the “Series A Warrants”) and Series B warrants to purchase up to 12,500,000 shares of its Common Stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) at an exercise price of $1.40 per share of Common Stock (or $1.399 per Pre-Funded Warrant) (the “Series B Warrants” and, together with the Series A Warrants, the “Warrants”), at a combined public offering price of $1.40 per share of Common Stock and accompanying Series A and Series B Warrants (the “Offering”).

The Company also granted the Underwriters an option for a period of 30 days to purchase up to 1,875,000 additional shares of the Company’s common stock and Series A Warrants to purchase up to 1,875,000 additional shares of its common stock and Series B Warrants to purchase up 1,875,000 additional shares of its common stock at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions.

The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering are expected to be approximately $16 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, and assuming no exercise of the Underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares and the Warrants. All of the Shares and the Warrants are being sold by the Company. The closing of the Offering is expected to occur on or about April 6, 2026, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.

The Offering was made pursuant to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-275445), which was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on January 31, 2024, as supplemented by a prospectus supplement filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).

Each Series A Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price equal to $1.40 per share (or $1.399 per Pre-Funded Warrant), will be immediately exercisable and will expire on the date that one (1) year from the date of issuance. Each Series B Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price equal to $1.40 per share (or $1.399 per Pre-Funded Warrant), will be immediately exercisable and will expire five (5) years from the date of issuance. A holder of the Warrants will not be entitled to exercise any portion of such Warrant that, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by such holder (together with its affiliates, any other persons acting as a group together with the holder and any other persons whose beneficial ownership of Common Stock would be aggregated with the holder for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) to exceed 4.99% (or, upon election by the holder prior to the issuance of the Warrant, 9.99%) of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise. If a holder holds less than 20% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding prior to giving effect to the issuance of shares issuable upon exercise, then, upon at least 61 days’ prior notice from such holder, subject to the terms of the Warrants, such holder may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 19.99%. If the holder is not permitted to exercise a Series A Warrant or a Series B Warrant for common stock due to the foregoing limitation, then the holder may exercise such Warrant for an equivalent number of Pre-Funded Warrants with an exercise price of $0.001. In addition, in certain circumstances, upon a fundamental transaction (as described in the Warrants), a holder of Warrants will be entitled to receive, upon exercise of the Warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction or number of shares of Common Stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation. In lieu of receiving such Common Stock in the fundamental transaction, the Warrant holder may elect to have the Company or the successor entity purchase the holder’s Warrant for its fair market value measured by the Black-Scholes method.

The Underwriting Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, covenants and agreements by the Company, customary conditions to closing, indemnification obligations of the Company and the Underwriters, including for liabilities under the Securities Act, other obligations of the parties and termination provisions. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in the Underwriting Agreement were made only for purposes of such agreement and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, and may be subject to limitations agreed upon by the contracting parties.

The foregoing descriptions of the terms of the Underwriting Agreement, Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants are each qualified in their entirety by reference to the Underwriting Agreement, form of Pre-Funded Warrant, the form of Series A Warrant and the form of Series B Warrant, respectively, which are attached as Exhibit 1.1, Exhibit 4.1, Exhibit 4.2 and Exhibit 4.3 hereto, respectively, and incorporated by reference herein.

A copy of the legal opinion of Cooley LLP relating to the validity of the issuance and sale of the securities in the Offering is attached as Exhibit 5.1 hereto.

Item 8.01

Other Events

On April 1, 2026 and April 2, 2026, the Company issued press releases announcing the launch and pricing of the Offering, respectively, copies of which are filed as Exhibit 99.1 and Exhibit 99.2 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and are incorporated herein by reference.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Current Report on Form 8-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “projects,” “plans,” and “future” or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements concerning the Offering, such as the expected net proceeds and anticipated closing date. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially and adversely from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Accordingly, these forward-looking statements do not constitute guarantees of future performance, and you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Risks regarding the Company’s business are described in detail in its SEC filings, including in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, which is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Additional information will be made available in other filings that the Company makes from time to time with the SEC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof, and the Company disclaims any obligation to update these statements except as may be required by law.

Item 9.01

Financial Statements and Exhibits.

(d) Exhibits

Exhibit

Number

Exhibit Description

1.1

Underwriting Agreement, dated April 2, 2026, by and between Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Piper Sandler & Co.

4.1

Form of Pre-Funded Warrant.

4.2

Form of Series A Warrant.

4.3

Form of Series B Warrant.

5.1

Opinion of Cooley LLP.

23.1

Consent of Cooley LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1).

99.1

Press Release.

99.2

Press Release.

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL).

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Date: April 6, 2026

/s/ Peter Kies

Peter Kies

Chief Financial Officer

EX-1.1

Filename: d137120dex11.htm · Sequence: 2

EX-1.1

Exhibit 1.1

Execution Version

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Delaware corporation)

12,500,000 Shares of Common Stock

Series A Warrants to Purchase Up to 12,500,000 Shares of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu

thereof)

Series B Warrants to Purchase Up to 12,500,000 Shares of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded

Warrants in lieu thereof)

UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT

Dated: April 2, 2026

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(a Delaware corporation)

12,500,000 Shares of Common Stock

Series A Warrants to Purchase Up to 12,500,000 Shares of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu

thereof)

Series B Warrants to Purchase Up to 12,500,000 Shares of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded

Warrants in lieu thereof)

UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT

April 2, 2026

PIPER SANDLER & CO.

as Representative of the several Underwriters

c/o

Piper Sandler & Co.

1251 Avenue of the Americas, 6th Floor

New York, New York 10022

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), confirms its agreement with Piper Sandler & Co.

and each of the other Underwriters named in Schedule A hereto (collectively, the “Underwriters,” which term shall also include any underwriter substituted as hereinafter provided in Section 10 hereof), for whom Piper

Sandler & Co. is acting as representative (in such capacity, the “Representative”), with respect to the sale by the Company and the purchase by the Underwriters, acting severally and not jointly, of (i) an aggregate of

12,500,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), of the Company (the “Firm Shares”), (ii) Series A Common Stock warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 12,500,000 shares of Common Stock (or pre-funded warrants of the Company to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price equal to $0.001 per share (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”)

in lieu thereof) at an exercise price equal to $1.40 per share (the “Series A Warrants”) and (iii) Series B Common Stock warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 12,500,000 shares of Common Stock

(or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) at an exercise price equal to $1.40 per share (the “Series B Warrants,” together with the “Series A Warrants,” the “Common

Warrants”), each in the respective amounts set forth in Schedule A hereto. The Firm Shares and the Common Warrants are collectively herein referred to as the “Firm Securities.” In addition, the Company has granted to the

Underwriters an option to purchase up to an additional 1,875,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Option Shares” and, together with the Firm Shares, the “Underwritten Shares”) and Series A Warrants to purchase up to an additional

1,875,000 shares of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) and Series B Warrants to purchase up to an additional 1,875,000 shares of Common Stock (or

Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) (the “Option Warrants” and, together with the Common Warrants, the “Underwritten Warrants”), as provided in Section 2. The Underwritten Shares

and the

Underwritten Warrants to be sold by the Company are herein collectively referred to as the “Securities.” The shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Underwritten

Warrants are herein referred to as the “Warrant Shares.” Each Underwritten Share is being sold with one Series A Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock and one Series B Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock or, in each

case, Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof. To the extent there are no additional underwriters listed on Schedule A, the terms “Representative” and “Underwriters” as used herein shall

mean you, as Underwriter.

The Company understands that the Underwriters propose to make a public offering of the Securities as soon as

the Representative deems advisable after this Agreement has been executed and delivered.

The Company has prepared and filed with the

Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-275445) covering the public offering and

sale of certain securities, including the Securities, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (the “1933 Act Regulations”), which shelf registration

statement was declared effective by the Commission on January 31, 2024. Such registration statement, as of any time, means such registration statement as amended by any post-effective amendments thereto at such time, including the exhibits and

any schedules thereto at such time, the documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference therein at such time pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the 1933 Act and the documents otherwise

deemed to be a part thereof as of such time pursuant to Rule 430B under the 1933 Act Regulations (“Rule 430B”), and is referred to herein as the “Registration Statement;” provided, however, that the “Registration

Statement” without reference to a time means such registration statement as amended by any post-effective amendments thereto as of the time of the first contract of sale for the Securities, which time shall be considered the “new

effective date” of such registration statement with respect to the Securities within the meaning of paragraph (f)(2) of Rule 430B, including the exhibits and schedules thereto as of such time, the documents incorporated or deemed incorporated

by reference therein at such time pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the 1933 Act and the documents otherwise deemed to be a part thereof as of such time pursuant to Rule 430B. Any registration statement

filed by the Company pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the 1933 Act is called the “Rule 462(b) Registration Statement” and, from and after the date and time of filing of the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, the term “Registration

Statement” shall include the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement. Any preliminary prospectus supplement used in connection with the offering of the Securities, including the base prospectus included in the Registration Statement (the

“Base Prospectus”), including the documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the 1933 Act, are collectively referred to herein as

a “preliminary prospectus.” Promptly after execution and delivery of this Agreement, the Company will prepare and file a final prospectus relating to the Securities in accordance with the provisions of Rule 424(b) under the 1933 Act

Regulations (“Rule 424(b)”). The final prospectus, in the form first furnished or made available to the Underwriters for use in connection with the offering of the Securities, including the documents incorporated or deemed to be

incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the 1933 Act, are collectively referred to herein as the “Prospectus.” For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the

Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall be deemed to include the copy filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval

system (or any successor system) (“EDGAR”).

As used in this Agreement:

“Applicable Time” means 8:35 A.M., New York City time, on April 2, 2026 or such other time as agreed by the Company and the

Representative.

“General Disclosure Package” means any Issuer General Use Free Writing Prospectuses issued at or prior to the

Applicable Time, the Base Prospectus, as amended or supplemented immediately prior to the Applicable Time and the most recent preliminary prospectus (including any documents incorporated therein by reference), that is made available to investors

prior to the Applicable Time and the information included on Schedule B-1 hereto, all considered together.

“Issuer Free Writing Prospectus” means any “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433 of the 1933 Act

Regulations (“Rule 433”), including without limitation any “free writing prospectus” (as defined in Rule 405 of the 1933 Act Regulations (“Rule 405”)) relating to the Securities that is (i) required to be

filed with the Commission by the Company, (ii) a “road show that is a written communication” within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i), whether or not required to be filed with the Commission, or (iii) exempt from filing with the

Commission pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i) because it contains a description of the Securities or of the offering that does not reflect the final terms, in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to

be filed, in the form retained in the Company’s records pursuant to Rule 433(g).

“Issuer General Use Free Writing

Prospectus” means any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that is intended for general distribution to prospective investors (other than a “bona fide electronic road show,” as defined in Rule 433), as evidenced by its being

specified in Schedule B-2 hereto.

“Issuer Limited Use Free Writing Prospectus” means

any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that is not an Issuer General Use Free Writing Prospectus.

“Testing-the-Waters Communication” means any oral or written communication with potential investors undertaken in reliance on Section 5(d) of the 1933 Act.

“Written Testing-the-Waters Communication” means

any Testing-the-Waters Communication that is a written communication within the meaning of Rule 405 under the 1933 Act.

All references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information which is “contained,”

“included” or “stated” (or other references of like import) in the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to include all such financial statements and schedules and other

information incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus, as the case may be, prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement; and all references in this Agreement

to amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to include the filing of any document under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations

promulgated thereunder (collectively, the “1934 Act”), incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, such preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus, as the case may be, at or after the execution and

delivery of this Agreement.

SECTION 1. Representations and Warranties.

(a) Representations and Warranties by the Company. The Company represents and warrants to each Underwriter as of the date hereof, the

Applicable Time, the Closing Time (as defined below) and as of each Option Closing Time (as defined below), and agrees with each Underwriter, as follows:

(i) Registration Statement and Prospectuses. The Company meets the requirements for use of Form

S-3 under the 1933 Act. Each of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto has become effective under the 1933 Act. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration

Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto has been issued under the 1933 Act, no notice of objection of the Commission to the use of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto pursuant to Rule 401(g)(1) of the 1933

Act Regulations has been received by the Company, no order preventing or suspending the use of any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued and no proceedings for any of those purposes have been instituted or are pending or, to the

Company’s knowledge, contemplated. The Company has complied with each request (if any) from the Commission for additional information.

Each of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the time of its effectiveness, each deemed effective date with

respect to the Underwriters pursuant to Rule 430B(f)(2) under the 1933 Act Regulations, the Applicable Time, the Closing Time and at each applicable Option Closing Time complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the

1933 Act and the 1933 Act Regulations. Any preliminary prospectus, the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto, at the time each was filed with the Commission, and, in each case, at the Applicable Time, the Closing Time and at each

applicable Option Closing Time complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the 1933 Act Regulations and any preliminary prospectus and the Prospectus delivered to the Underwriters for use in connection with this

offering was identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.

The documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, when they became

effective or at the time they were or hereafter are filed with the Commission, complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission under the 1934 Act (the

“1934 Act Regulations”).

(ii) Accurate Disclosure. Neither the Registration Statement nor any amendment

thereto, at its effective time, on the date hereof, at the Closing Time and at each applicable Option Closing Time, contained, contains or will contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted, omits or will omit to state a material fact

required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. At the Applicable Time, the Closing Time and at each applicable Option Closing Time, neither (A) the General Disclosure Package nor (B) any

individual Issuer Limited Use Free Writing Prospectus, when considered together with the General Disclosure Package, when considered together with the General Disclosure Package, included, includes or will include an untrue statement of a material

fact or omitted, omits or will omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. Neither the Prospectus nor any amendment or supplement

thereto, as of its issue date, at the time of any filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b), at the Closing Time and the applicable Option Closing Time, included, includes or will include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted,

omits or will omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the

Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, at the time the Registration Statement became effective or when such documents incorporated by reference were filed with the Commission, as the case may be, when read

together with the other information in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, as the case may be, did not and will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to

be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.

The representations and warranties in this subsection shall

not apply to statements in or omissions from the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) made in reliance upon and in conformity with written

information furnished to the Company by any Underwriter through the Representative expressly for use therein. For purposes of this Agreement, the only information so furnished shall be the information in the first paragraph under the heading

“Underwriting—Discounts and Expenses,” the information in the second, third, fourth and fifth paragraphs and the first and second sentence of the seventh paragraph under the heading “Underwriting—Stabilization”

and the information under the heading “Underwriting—Electronic Distribution” in each case contained in the Prospectus (collectively, the “Underwriter Information”).

(iii) Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses. No Issuer Free Writing Prospectus conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in

the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any document incorporated by reference therein, and any preliminary or other prospectus deemed to be a part thereof that has not been superseded or modified. Any offer that is a written

communication relating to the Securities made prior to the initial filing of the Registration Statement by the Company or any person acting on its behalf (within the meaning, for this paragraph only, of Rule 163(c) of the 1933 Act Regulations) has

been filed with the Commission in accordance with the exemption provided by Rule 163 under the 1933 Act Regulations (“Rule 163”) and otherwise complied with the requirements of Rule 163, including without limitation the legending

requirement, to qualify such offer for the exemption from Section 5(c) of the 1933 Act provided by Rule 163.

(iv) [Reserved].

(v) Company Not Ineligible Issuer. At the time of filing the Registration Statement

and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the earliest time thereafter that the Company or another offering participant made a bona fide offer (within the meaning of Rule 164(h)(2) of the 1933 Act Regulations) of the Securities and at the

date hereof, the Company was not and is not an “ineligible issuer,” as defined in Rule 405, without taking account of any determination by the Commission pursuant to Rule 405 that it is not necessary that the Company be considered an

ineligible issuer.

(vi) Independent Accountants. The accountants who certified the financial statements and supporting schedules

included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus are independent public accountants as required by the 1933 Act, the 1933 Act Regulations, the 1934 Act, the 1934 Act Regulations and the Public Company

Accounting Oversight Board.

(vii) Financial Statements; Off Balance Sheet Transactions. The financial statements included or

incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, together with the related schedules and notes, present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company and its

consolidated subsidiaries at the dates indicated and the statement of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries for the periods specified; said financial statements have been prepared in

conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved. The supporting schedules, if any, present fairly in accordance with GAAP the information required to be

stated therein. The selected financial data and the summary financial information included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus present fairly, in all material respects, the information shown therein and

have been compiled on a basis consistent with that of the audited financial statements included therein. The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure

Package and the Prospectus fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission’s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. There are no material off-balance sheet transactions, arrangements, obligations (including contingent obligations), or any other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons to which the Company or any of its subsidiary is

a party, that would reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.

(viii) No Material

Adverse Change in Business. Since the Company’s annual filing on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, (A) there has been no material adverse change in the condition, financial or

otherwise, or in the earnings, business affairs or business prospects of the Company and its subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business (a “Material Adverse Effect”), (B) there

have been no transactions entered into by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, other than those in the ordinary course of business, which are material with respect to the Company and its subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, and

(C) there has been no dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company on any class of its capital stock.

(ix) Good Standing of the Company. The Company has been duly organized and is validly

existing as a corporation in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware and has corporate power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Registration Statement, the General

Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement and the Underwritten Warrants; and the Company is duly qualified as a foreign corporation to transact business and is in good standing in each

other jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the failure so to qualify or to be in good standing would not reasonably be expected to

result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(x) Subsidiaries. The Company does not have any “significant subsidiaries” as

defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X.

(xi)

Capitalization. The outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been duly authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable. None of the outstanding shares of capital stock

of the Company, were issued in violation of the preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder of the Company. The description of the Company’s stock option and other stock plans or compensation arrangements and the options or other

rights granted thereunder, incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, accurately and fairly presents, in all material respects, the information required to be described therein with

respect to such plans, arrangements, options and rights. Except as described in each of the General Disclosure Package and Prospectus, there are no outstanding rights (contractual or otherwise), warrants or options to acquire, or instruments

convertible into or exchangeable for, or agreements or understandings with respect to the sale or issuance of, any shares of capital stock of or other equity interest in the Company, other than in the ordinary course of business, consistent with

past practice, under the Company’s equity compensation programs.

(xii) (xii) Authorization of Agreement. This Agreement has

been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company.

(xiii) Authorization and Description of Securities. The Underwritten

Shares to be purchased by the Underwriters from the Company have been duly authorized for issuance and sale to the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement and, when issued and delivered by the Company pursuant to this Agreement against payment of

the consideration set forth herein, will be validly issued and fully paid and non-assessable; and the issuance of the Underwritten Shares is not subject to the preemptive or other similar rights of any

securityholder of the Company. The Underwritten Warrants have been duly authorized by the Company, and, when executed and delivered by the Company pursuant to this Agreement, will constitute valid, legal and binding obligations of the Company,

enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and subject to general

principles of equity; and the issuance of the Underwritten Warrants is not subject to the preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder of the Company. The Warrant Shares have been duly authorized and validly reserved for issuance upon

exercise of the Underwritten Warrants in a number sufficient to meet the current exercise requirements and, when issued and

delivered upon exercise of the Underwritten Warrants in accordance with the terms thereof, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable; and the issuance of the Warrant Shares is not

subject to any preemptive or similar rights. The Securities conform in all material respects to all statements relating thereto contained in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and such descriptions conform

in all material respects to the rights set forth in the instruments defining the same. No holder of Securities or Warrant Shares will be subject to personal liability solely by reason of being such a holder.

(xiv) Registration and Other Rights. There are no persons with registration rights, participation rights, rights of first refusal or

other similar rights to have any securities registered for sale pursuant to the Registration Statement or otherwise registered for sale or sold by the Company under the 1933 Act pursuant to this Agreement or otherwise to purchase the Securities

offered hereby.

(xv) Absence of Violations, Defaults and Conflicts. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is (A) in

violation of its charter, by-laws or similar organizational document, (B) in default in the performance or observance of any obligation, agreement, covenant or condition contained in any contract,

indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit agreement, note, lease or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of them may be bound or to which any of the properties or

assets of the Company or any subsidiary is subject (collectively, “Agreements and Instruments”), except for such defaults that would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, or

(C) in violation of any law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of any arbitrator, court, governmental body, regulatory body, administrative agency or other authority, body or agency having jurisdiction over the Company

or any of its subsidiaries or any of their respective properties, assets or operations (each, a “Governmental Entity”), except for such violations that would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material

Adverse Effect. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein and in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus (including the issuance and

sale of the Securities and the Warrant Shares and the execution of the Underwritten Warrants and the use of the proceeds from the sale of the Securities as described therein under the caption “Use of Proceeds”) and compliance by the

Company with its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action and do not and will not, whether with or without the giving of notice or passage of time or both, conflict with or constitute a breach of, or default

or Repayment Event (as defined below) under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any properties or assets of the Company or any subsidiary pursuant to, the Agreements and Instruments (except for such

conflicts, breaches, defaults or Repayment Events or liens, charges or encumbrances that would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect), nor will such action result in any violation of (x) the provisions of the

charter, by-laws or similar organizational document of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or (y) any law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of any Governmental Entity, except

with respect to clause (y), such violations as would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. As used herein, a “Repayment Event” means any event or condition which gives the holder

of any note, debenture or other evidence of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder’s behalf) the right to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all or a portion of such indebtedness by the Company or any of its

subsidiaries.

(xvi) Absence of Labor Dispute. No labor dispute with the employees of the Company or

any of its subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent, and the Company is not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by the employees of any of its or any subsidiary’s principal suppliers, manufacturers,

customers or contractors, which, in either case, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(xvii) Absence

of Proceedings. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, there is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation before or brought by any Governmental Entity now pending or, to

the knowledge of the Company, threatened, against or affecting the Company or any of its subsidiaries, which would reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, or which would reasonably be expected to,

singly or in the aggregate, materially and adversely affect their respective properties or assets or the consummation of the transactions contemplated in this Agreement or the Underwritten Warrants, or the performance by the Company of its

obligations hereunder; and the aggregate of all pending legal or governmental proceedings to which the Company or any such subsidiary is a party or of which any of their respective properties or assets is the subject, including ordinary routine

litigation incidental to the business, would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(xviii) Accuracy of Exhibits. There are no contracts or documents which are required to be described in the Registration Statement, the

General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement which have not been so described and filed as required.

(xix) Absence of Further Requirements. No filing with, or authorization, approval, consent, license, order, registration, qualification

or decree of, any Governmental Entity is necessary or required for the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, in connection with the offering, issuance or sale of the Securities hereunder or the consummation of the transactions

contemplated by this Agreement, except such as have been already obtained or as may be required under the 1933 Act, the 1933 Act Regulations, the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, securities laws of any state or

non-U.S. jurisdiction or the rules of Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”).

(xx) Possession of Licenses and Permits. The Company and its subsidiaries possess such permits, licenses, approvals, consents and other

authorizations (collectively, “Governmental Licenses”) issued by the appropriate Governmental Entities necessary to conduct the business now operated by them, except where the failure so to possess would not, singly or in the aggregate,

result in a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and its subsidiaries are in compliance with the terms and conditions of all Governmental Licenses, except where the failure so to comply would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the

aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. All of the Governmental Licenses are valid and in full force and effect, except when the invalidity of such Governmental Licenses or the failure of such Governmental Licenses to be in full force and

effect would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any

Governmental Licenses which, singly or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(xxi) Title to Property. The Company and its subsidiaries do not own any real

property. The Company and its subsidiaries have good title to all properties owned by them, in each case, free and clear of all mortgages, pledges, liens, security interests, claims, restrictions or encumbrances of any kind except such as

(A) are described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus or (B) do not, singly or in the aggregate, materially and adversely affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with

the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company or any of its subsidiaries; and all of the leases and subleases of the Company and its subsidiaries and under which the Company or any of its subsidiaries holds properties

described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, are in full force and effect, except to the extent that any such failure to be in full force and effect would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a

Material Adverse Effect, and neither the Company nor any such subsidiary has any notice of any material claim of any sort that has been asserted by anyone adverse to the rights of the Company or any subsidiary under any of the leases or subleases

mentioned above, or affecting or questioning the rights of the Company or such subsidiary to the continued possession of the leased or subleased premises under any such lease or sublease.

(xxii) Possession of Intellectual Property. Except where it would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect,

(A) the Company and its subsidiaries own, possess or have the right to use, or can acquire the right to use on reasonable terms, all patents, licenses, inventions, copyrights, know-how (including trade

secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures), trademarks, service marks, trade names or other intellectual property (collectively, “Intellectual Property”) necessary to

carry on the business now operated by them and as currently proposed to be conducted as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, (B) to the knowledge of the Company, all Intellectual Property

owned by or exclusively licensed to the Company or its subsidiaries (such Intellectual Property, the “Company Intellectual Property”) has been duly and properly filed and maintained, is free and clear of liens or security interests, and

is in full force and effect, valid, subsisting and enforceable, (C) there is no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by any third party challenging the validity, ownership, registrability,

enforceability or scope of any Company Intellectual Property and the Company is unaware of any facts which would form a reasonable basis for any such claim, (D) no third party, to the knowledge of the Company, is infringing, misappropriating or

otherwise violating any Company Intellectual Property and there is no pending or threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by the Company or any of its subsidiaries against a third party regarding the foregoing, (E) (1) neither the Company

nor any of its subsidiaries has received any written notice of nor, to the knowledge of the Company, has engaged in, any infringement, misappropriation or other violation of any Intellectual Property of any third party, (2) there is no pending

or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim regarding the subject matter of the foregoing, and (3) the Company and its subsidiaries are unaware of any facts which would form a reasonable basis for any such

claim, (F) to the knowledge of the Company, the parties prosecuting patent applications within the

Company Intellectual Property have complied with their duty of candor and disclosure to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “USPTO”) or foreign patent offices, as

applicable, in connection with such applications and the Company is not aware of any facts required to be disclosed to the USPTO or foreign patent offices that were not disclosed and which would preclude the grant of a patent in connection with any

such patent application or could form the basis of a finding of invalidity or unenforceability with respect to any patents that have issued with respect to such patent applications, (G) each person who is or was an employee or contractor of the

Company or any of its subsidiaries and who is or was involved in the creation or development of any Company Intellectual Property for or on behalf of the Company has executed a valid agreement containing an assignment or exclusive license to the

Company or any of its subsidiaries of such person’s rights in and to such Company Intellectual Property, (H) the Company has taken reasonable steps in accordance with standard industry practice to maintain and protect the confidentiality

of the trade secrets and other confidential Intellectual Property used in connection with the business of the Company and its subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Company, such confidential Intellectual Property has not been compromised or

disclosed to or accessed by any third party except pursuant to nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements.

(xxiii) Environmental

Laws. Except as would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, (A) neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in violation of any federal, state, local or foreign statute, law, rule, regulation,

ordinance, code, policy or rule of common law or any judicial or administrative interpretation thereof, including any judicial or administrative order, consent, decree or judgment, relating to pollution or protection of human health, the environment

(including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata) or wildlife, including, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to the release or threatened release of chemicals, pollutants,

contaminants, wastes, toxic substances, hazardous substances, petroleum or petroleum products, asbestos-containing materials or mold (collectively, “Hazardous Materials”) or to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment,

storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials (collectively, “Environmental Laws”), (B) the Company and its subsidiaries have all permits, authorizations and approvals required under any applicable Environmental Laws

and are each in compliance with their requirements, (C) there are no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened administrative, regulatory or judicial actions, suits, demands, demand letters, claims, liens, notices of noncompliance

or violation, investigations or proceedings relating to any Environmental Law against the Company or any of its subsidiaries and (D) to the knowledge of the Company, there are no events or circumstances that would reasonably be expected to form

the basis of an order for clean-up or remediation, or an action, suit or proceeding by any private party or Governmental Entity, against or affecting the Company or any of its subsidiaries relating to

Hazardous Materials or any Environmental Laws.

(xxiv) Accounting Controls and Disclosure Controls. The Company and each of its

subsidiaries maintain effective internal control over financial reporting (as defined under Rule 13a-15 and Rule 15d-15 under the 1934 Act Regulations) and a system of

internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that (A) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; (B) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit

preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain accountability for assets; (C) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with

management’s general or specific authorization; (D) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken

with respect to any differences; and (E) the interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus fairly presents the information

called for in all material respects and is prepared in accordance with the Commission’s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. Since the end of the Company’s most recent audited fiscal year, there has been (1) no material weakness

in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated) and (2) no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially and adversely affected, or is reasonably likely

to materially and adversely affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company and each of its subsidiaries maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15 and Rule 15d-15 under the 1934 Act Regulations) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or

submits under the 1934 Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal

executive officer or officers and principal financial officer or officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure.

(xxv) Compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or, to the Company’s

knowledge, any of the Company’s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated in connection

therewith, including, without limitation, Section 402 related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications.

(xxvi)

Payment of Taxes. All United States federal income tax returns of the Company and its subsidiaries required by law to be filed have been filed and all taxes shown by or otherwise assessed with respect to such returns, which are due and

payable, have been paid, except assessments against which appeals have been or will be promptly taken and as to which reserves in accordance with GAAP have been provided. The Company and its subsidiaries have filed all other tax returns that are

required to have been filed by them pursuant to applicable foreign, state, local or other law, and has paid all taxes due pursuant to such returns or pursuant to any assessment received by the Company and its subsidiaries, except for such taxes, if

any, as are being contested in good faith and as to which reserves in accordance with GAAP have been established by the Company, and except in each case insofar as the failure to file such returns or pay such taxes would not result in a Material

Adverse Effect. Reserves in accordance with GAAP have been established on the books of the Company in respect of any income tax liability for any years not finally determined, except to the extent of any failure to do so would not result in a

Material Adverse Effect.

(xxvii) Insurance. The Company and its subsidiaries carry or are entitled to the benefits of insurance,

with financially sound and reputable insurers, in such amounts and covering such risks as the Company reasonably believes is generally maintained by similarly sized companies of established repute engaged in the same or similar business, and all

such insurance is in full force and effect. The Company has no reason to believe that it or any of its subsidiaries will not be able (A) to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire or (B) to obtain comparable

coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as now conducted and at a cost that would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither of the Company nor any of its

subsidiaries has been denied any insurance coverage which it has sought or for which it has applied.

(xxviii) Investment Company Act. The Company is not required, and upon the issuance

and sale of the Securities as herein contemplated and the application of the net proceeds therefrom as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus will not be required, to register as an

“investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

(xxix) Absence of Manipulation. Neither the

Company nor any affiliate of the Company has taken, nor will the Company or any affiliate take, directly or indirectly, any action which is designed, or would reasonably be expected, to cause or result in, or which constitutes, the stabilization or

manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Securities or the Warrant Shares or to result in a violation of Regulation M under the 1934 Act.

(xxx) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. None of the Company, any of its subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the Company, any director,

officer, agent, employee, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is aware of or has taken any action on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, directly or indirectly, that would result in a

violation by such persons of either (A) the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the “FCPA”), including, without limitation, making use of the mails or any means or

instrumentality of interstate commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay or authorization of the payment of any money, or other property, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to any

“foreign official” (as such term is defined in the FCPA) or any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office, in contravention of the FCPA or (B) the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 (the

“Bribery Act”) and the Company, its subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Company, its affiliates have conducted their businesses in compliance with the FCPA and the Bribery Act and have instituted and maintain policies and

procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to continue to ensure, continued compliance therewith.

(xxxi) Money

Laundering Laws. The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act

of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all applicable jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any applicable Governmental

Entity (collectively, the “Money Laundering Laws”); and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any Governmental Entity involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the

best knowledge of the Company, threatened.

(xxxii) OFAC. None of the Company, any of its subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of

the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or representative of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is an individual or entity (“Person”) currently the subject or target of any sanctions administered or enforced by

the United States Government, including, without limitation, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”), the United Nations Security Council (“UNSC”), the European Union, His

Majesty’s Treasury (“HMT”), or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, “Sanctions”), nor is the Company located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of a U.S. government embargo

(currently, the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic, the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic, the Crimea Region of Ukraine, the non-government controlled areas of the Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Regions, Cuba, Iran, North Korea and Syria, collectively, “Sanctioned Country”); and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the

proceeds of the sale of the Securities, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiaries, joint venture partners or other Person, to fund any activities of or business with any Person, or in any country or territory,

that, at the time of such funding, is the subject of Sanctions of a Sanctioned Country, respectively, or in any other manner that will result in a violation by any Person (including any Person participating in the transaction, whether as

underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of Sanctions.

(xxxiii) Lending Relationship. The Company (i) does not

have any material lending or other relationship with any bank or lending affiliate of any Underwriter and (ii) does not intend to use any of the proceeds from the sale of the Securities to repay any outstanding debt owed to any affiliate of any

Underwriter.

(xxxiv) Statistical and Market-Related Data. Any statistical and market-related data included in the Registration

Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company believes, after reasonable inquiry, to be reliable and accurate in all material respects and, to the extent required, the Company has

obtained the written consent to the use of such data from such sources.

(xxxv) No Commissions. Neither the Company nor any of its

subsidiaries are a party to any contract, agreement or understanding with any person (other than as contemplated by this Agreement) that would give rise to a valid claim against the Company or any of its subsidiaries or the Underwriters for a

brokerage commission, finder’s fee or like payment in connection with the offering and sale of any Securities.

(xxxvi)

[Reserved].

(xxxvii) Cybersecurity. (A) To the knowledge of the Company, there has been no security breach or

incident, unauthorized access or disclosure, or other compromise of or relating to the Company or its subsidiaries information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data and databases (including the sensitive data and

information of their respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any sensitive third party data maintained, processed or stored by the Company and its subsidiaries, and any such data processed or stored by third parties on behalf of the

Company and its subsidiaries), equipment or technology (collectively, “IT Systems and Data”): (B) neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have been notified of and have no knowledge of any event or condition that could result in, any

security breach or incident, unauthorized access or disclosure or other compromise to their IT Systems and Data and (C) the Company and its subsidiaries have implemented appropriate

controls, policies, procedures, and technological safeguards designed to maintain and protect the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security of their IT Systems and Data reasonably consistent with industry standards and practices, or

as required by applicable regulatory standards. The Company and its subsidiaries are presently in material compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or

regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification.

(xxxviii) Compliance with Data Privacy Laws. The Company and each of its subsidiaries are, and at all times since January 1, 2025

were, in material compliance with all applicable data privacy and security laws and regulations (collectively, “Privacy Laws”). The Company and each of its subsidiaries have in place, and materially comply with, their policies and

procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling and analysis of Personal Data (the “Policies”). The Company provides notice of its Policies to individuals from whom Personal Data is

collected by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, to the extent that such notice is required by applicable Privacy Laws. The Policies do not contain any material omissions of the Company’s then-current privacy practices. “Personal

Data” means (i) a natural persons’ name, street address, telephone number, email address, photograph, social security number, bank information, or customer or account number; or (ii) any information which would qualify as

“personally identifying information” or similar term under applicable Privacy Laws. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, (i) has received written notice of any actual or potential liability on the Company or any of its

Subsidiaries under or relating to, or actual or potential violation of, any applicable Privacy Laws, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in any such notice; (ii) is currently conducting or

paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation or other corrective action pursuant to any applicable Privacy Law; or (iii) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement that imposed any obligation or liability on the Company or

any of its Subsidiaries under any applicable Privacy Law.

(xxxix) Regulatory Compliance. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries:

(i) has operated and currently operates its business in compliance in all respects with applicable provisions of the Health Care Laws (as defined below) of the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), the Department of Health and Human

Services (“HHS”) and any comparable foreign or other regulatory authority to which they are subject (collectively, the “Applicable Regulatory Authorities”) applicable to the ownership, testing, development, manufacture,

packaging, processing, use, distribution, storage, import, export or disposal of any of the Company’s or its subsidiaries’ product candidates or any product manufactured or distributed by the Company and its subsidiaries, except as would

not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; (ii) has not received any FDA Form 483, written notice of adverse finding, warning letter, untitled letter or other correspondence or

written notice from any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority alleging or asserting non-compliance with (A) any Health Care Laws or (B) or any licenses, certificates, approvals,

clearances, exemptions, authorizations, permits and supplements or amendments thereto required by any such Health Care Laws (“Regulatory Authorizations”); (iii) possesses all Regulatory

Authorizations required to conduct its business as currently conducted and as currently proposed to be conducted as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the

Prospectus, except where the failure to possess the same would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect, and such Regulatory Authorizations are valid and in full force and effect and neither the Company nor any of its

subsidiaries are in violation, in any material respect, of any term of any such Regulatory Authorizations; (iv) has not received written notice of any claim, action, suit, audit, survey, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation,

arbitration or other action from the Applicable Regulatory Authorities or any other third party alleging that any product or activity of the Company is in material violation of any Health Care Laws or Regulatory Authorizations and has no knowledge

that the Applicable Regulatory Authorities or any other third party is considering any such claim, litigation, arbitration, action, suit, investigation or proceeding; (v) has not received written notice that any of the Applicable Regulatory

Authorities has taken, is taking or intends to take action to limit, suspend, modify or revoke any material Regulatory Authorizations and has no knowledge that any of the Applicable Regulatory Authorities is considering such action; (vi) has

filed, obtained, maintained or submitted all material reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments as required by any Health Care Laws or Regulatory Authorizations and that all such

reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments were materially complete and correct on the date filed (or were materially corrected or supplemented by a subsequent submission), except as

would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; (vii) is not a party to or have any ongoing reporting obligations pursuant to any corporate integrity agreements, deferred

prosecution agreements, monitoring agreements, consent decrees, settlement orders, plans of correction or similar agreements with or imposed by any Applicable Regulatory Authority; and (viii) along with its employees, officers and directors has

not been excluded, suspended or debarred from participation in any government health care program or human clinical research or, to the knowledge of the Company, is subject to a governmental inquiry, investigation, proceeding, or other similar

action that could reasonably be expected to result in debarment, suspension or exclusion. The term “Health Care Laws” means Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395-1395hhh (the Medicare statute); Title XIX of

the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396-1396v (the Medicaid statute); the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b); the civil False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 et

seq.; the criminal False Claims Act, 42 U.S.C. 1320a-7b(a); any criminal laws relating to health care fraud and abuse, including but not limited to 18 U.S.C. Sections 286, 287, 1001, 1035, 1347 and 1349, and

the health care fraud criminal provisions under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1320d et seq., (“HIPAA”); the Civil Monetary Penalties Law, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1320a-7a and 1320a-7b; the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7h; the Exclusion Laws, 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7; HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 17921 et seq.; the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. §§ 301 et

seq.; the Public Health Service Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 201 et seq.; each as amended, and the regulations promulgated pursuant to such laws; and any similar foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations.

(xl) Manufacturing and Suppliers. To the Company’s knowledge, the manufacturing facilities and operations of its suppliers are

operated in compliance in with all applicable statutes, rules, regulations and policies of the Applicable Regulatory Authorities, including, without limitation, the Health Care Laws, except for such

non-compliance that would not, singly or in the aggregate reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(xli) Studies, Tests and Trials. None of the Company’s product candidates have

received marketing approval or licensure from any Applicable Regulatory Authority. All clinical and pre-clinical studies and trials conducted by or, to the knowledge of the Company, on behalf of or sponsored

by the Company or its subsidiaries, or in which the Company or its subsidiaries has participated, with respect to the Company’s product candidates, including any such studies and trials that are described in the Registration Statement, General

Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, or the results of which are referred to in the Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, as applicable (collectively, “Company Trials”), were, and if still pending are,

to the Company’s knowledge, being conducted in all material respects in accordance with the Health Care Laws, including, without limitation, current Good Clinical Practices and Good Laboratory Practices, and with standard medical and

scientific research procedures and any applicable rules, regulations and policies of the jurisdiction in which such trials and studies are being conducted; the descriptions in the Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus

of the results of any Company Trials are accurate and complete descriptions in all material respects and fairly present the data derived therefrom; the Company has no knowledge of any other studies or trials not described in the Registration

Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, the results of which are inconsistent with or call into question the results described or referred to in the Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus; the Company

and each of its subsidiaries have not received, any written notices, correspondence or other communications from the Applicable Regulatory Authorities or any other governmental entity requiring or threatening the termination, material modification

or suspension of Company Trials that are described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus or the results of which are referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the

Prospectus, other than ordinary course communications with respect to modifications in connection with the design and implementation of such studies or trials, and, to the Company’s knowledge, there are no reasonable grounds for the same. No

investigational new drug application or comparable submission filed by or on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries has been terminated or suspended by the FDA or any other Applicable Regulatory Authority. The Company has obtained (or

caused to be obtained) informed consent by or on behalf of each human subject who participated in a Company Trial. In using or disclosing patient information received by the Company or any of its subsidiaries in connection with a Company Trial, the

Company or such subsidiary has complied in all material respects with all applicable laws and regulatory rules or requirements, including, without limitation, HIPAA and the rules and regulations thereunder. To the Company’s knowledge, none of

the Company Trials involved any investigator who has been disqualified as a clinical investigator or has been found by the FDA to have engaged in scientific misconduct.

(xlii) Forward Looking Statements. No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section 27A of the 1933 Act and

Section 21E of the 1934 Act) contained in the Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith.

(xliii) Stock Exchange Listing. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to

Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the 1934 Act and listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or reasonably likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the 1934 Act or

delisting the Common Stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market, nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission or Nasdaq Capital Market is contemplating terminating such registration or listing. To the Company’s knowledge, it is

in compliance with all applicable listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market.

(xliv) Employee Benefit Plans. Each

“employee benefit plan” (as defined under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (collectively, “ERISA”)) established or maintained by the

Company, its Subsidiaries or their “ERISA Affiliates” (as defined below) is in compliance with ERISA, except where the failure to be in compliance with ERISA would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

“ERISA Affiliate” means, with respect to the Company or a subsidiary, any member of any group of organizations described in Section 414(b), (c), (m) or (o) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the

regulations and published interpretations thereunder (the “Code”) of which the Company or such subsidiary is a member. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, no “reportable event”

(as defined under ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur with respect to any “employee benefit plan” established or maintained by the Company, its Subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates. The fair market value of

the assets of each ERISA Affiliate defined benefit pension plan exceeds the present value of such plan’s “benefit liabilities” (as defined in Section 4001(a)(16) of ERISA), and no ERISA Affiliate defined benefit pension plan

has an “accumulated funding deficiency” (as defined in Section 302 of ERISA). None of the Company, its subsidiaries nor any of their ERISA Affiliates has incurred or reasonably expects to incur any liability under (A) Title IV

of ERISA with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from, any “employee benefit plan” or (B) any material liability under Sections 412, 4971 or 4975 of the Code. Each “employee benefit plan” established or maintained

by the Company, its Subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates that is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code has received a favorable determination or opinion letter from the Internal Revenue Service regarding its

qualification under such section and, to the knowledge of the Company, its Subsidiaries and its ERISA affiliates, nothing has occurred whether by action or failure to act, which would cause the loss of such qualification.

(xlv) Brokers. Except for the Underwriters and pursuant to an agreement with Citizens JMP Securities LLC, there is no broker, finder or

other party that is entitled to receive from the Company any brokerage or finder’s fee or other fee or commission as a result of any transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

(xlvi) Testing-the-Waters Materials.

The Company (A) has not alone engaged in, or distributed, any Testing-the-Waters Communication and (B) has not authorized anyone to engage in Testing-the-Waters Communications. The Company has not distributed or approved for distribution any Written Testing-the-Waters Communications.

(b) Officer’s Certificates. Any certificate

signed by any officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries delivered to the Representative or to counsel for the Underwriters shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company to each Underwriter as to the matters covered thereby.

SECTION 2. Sale and Delivery to Underwriters; Closing.

(a) The Firm Securities. On the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions

herein set forth, the Company agrees to sell to each Underwriter, severally and not jointly, and each Underwriter, severally and not jointly, agrees to purchase from the Company, at the prices set forth in Schedule A, the number of Firm Securities

set forth in Schedule A opposite the name of such Underwriter, plus any additional number of Firm Securities which such Underwriter may become obligated to purchase pursuant to the provisions of Section 10 hereof, bears to the total number of

Firm Securities, subject, in each case, to such adjustments among the Underwriters as the Representative in their sole discretion shall make to eliminate any sales or purchases of fractional shares.

(b) The Closing Time. Payment of the purchase price for, and delivery of certificates or security entitlements for, the Firm Securities

shall be made at the offices of Covington & Burling LLP, 30 Hudson Yards, New York, New York 10001-2170, or at such other place as shall be agreed upon by the Representative and the Company, at 9:00 A.M. (New York City time) on April 6,

2026 (unless postponed in accordance with the provisions of Section 10), or such other time not later than ten business days after such date as shall be agreed upon by the Representative and the Company (such time and date of payment and

delivery being herein called “Closing Time”).

the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, the Company hereby grants an option to the Underwriters to purchase up to an additional 1,875,000 Option Shares and Series A Warrants to

purchase up to 1,875,000 additional shares of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) and Series B Warrants to purchase up to 1,875,000 additional shares of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) (collectively, the “Option Securities”), in each case, at the price set forth in Schedule A, less an amount per share equal to any dividends or distributions declared

by the Company and payable on the Firm Shares and Common Warrants but not payable on the Option Shares and Option Warrants, respectively. The option hereby granted may be exercised for 30 days after the date hereof and may be exercised in whole or

in part at any time from time to time upon notice by the Underwriter to the Company setting forth the number of Option Securities as to which the Underwriter is then exercising the option and the time and date of payment and delivery for such Option

Securities. Any such time and date of delivery (a “Option Closing Time”) shall be determined by the Underwriter, but shall not be later than seven full business days after the exercise of said option, nor in any event prior to the

Closing Time.

(d) Payment. Payment for the Securities to be sold by the Company shall be made at the Closing Time (and, if

applicable, at each Option Closing Time) by wire transfer of immediately available funds to a bank account designated by the Company against delivery to the Representative for the respective accounts of the Underwriters of certificates or security

entitlements for the Securities to be purchased by them. It is understood that each Underwriter has authorized the Representative, for its account, to accept delivery of, receipt for, and make

payment of the purchase price, for the Securities which it has agreed to purchase. The Representative, individually and not as representative of the Underwriters, may (but shall not be obligated

to) make payment of the purchase price for the Securities to be purchased by any Underwriter whose funds have not been received by the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, but such payment shall not relieve such Underwriter from its

obligations hereunder.

(e) Delivery of the Securities. The Company shall (i) deliver, or cause to be delivered through the

facilities of Depositary Trust Company (“DTC”) unless the Representative shall otherwise instruct, to the Representative for the accounts of the several Underwriters, the Firm Shares, and (ii) deliver, or cause to be delivered, to

the purchasers thereof the Common Warrants in accordance with the Underwriters’ instructions to be sold by them, in each case at the Closing Time, against release of a wire transfer of immediately available funds for the amount of the purchase

price therefor. The Company shall (i) deliver, or cause to be delivered through the facilities of DTC unless the Representative shall otherwise instruct, to the Representative for the accounts of the several Underwriters, the Option Shares, and

(ii) deliver, or cause to be delivered, to the purchasers thereof the Option Warrants in accordance with the Underwriters’ instructions to be sold by them, in each case at the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, as the

case may be, against the release of a wire transfer of immediately available funds for the amount of the purchase price therefor. Delivery of the Underwritten Shares shall be made by credit to the accounts designated by the Representative through

DTC’s full fast transfer or DWAC programs. If the Representative so elects, the Underwritten Shares shall be registered in such names and denominations as the Representative shall have requested at least one full business day prior to the

Closing Time (or the applicable Option Closing Time, as the case may be) and shall be made available for inspection on the business day preceding the Closing Time (or the applicable Option Closing Time, as the case may be) at a location in New York

City as the Representative may designate; provided, however, that if the Company, upon the instruction of the Representative, registers the Underwritten Warrants in the name of any person or entity to whom any Underwriter intends to sell such

Underwritten Warrants, then such Underwriter shall have the right to thereafter request the re-registration of such Underwritten Warrants (and the Company shall be required to

re-register such Underwritten Warrants ) in the name of any other person or entity (it being understood that such re-registration is intended to permit an Underwriter to

resell such Underwritten Warrants in the event that the person or entity to whom such Underwriter originally intended to sell such Underwritten Warrants shall fail to pay the purchase price of such Underwritten Warrants). Time shall be of the

essence, and delivery at the time and place specified in this Agreement is a further condition to the obligations of the Underwriters. In the event that the Firm Shares (and Option Shares, if elected by the Representative) are not delivered to the

Representatives by 2:30 p.m., New York City time, at the Closing Time (and the Option Closing Time, if elected by the Representative), the Company will return (or will instruct its custodian to return) payment of the full purchase price to the

Representative’s agent, Pershing LLC, via same day funds by 4:30 p.m., New York City time. The Company shall remain liable to Pershing LLC for the full amount of the purchase price and any costs associated with recovering the purchase price

until the full amount has been received by Pershing LLC.

SECTION 3. Covenants of the Company. The Company covenants with each Underwriter as follows:

(a) Compliance with Securities Regulations and Commission Requests. The Company, subject to Section 3(b) hereto, will comply with

the requirements of Rule 430B, and will notify the Representative immediately, and confirm the notice in writing, (i) when any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement shall become effective or any amendment or supplement to the

Prospectus shall have been filed, (ii) of the receipt of any comments from the Commission, (iii) of any request by the Commission for any amendment to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplement to the Prospectus, including

any document incorporated by reference therein or for additional information, (iv) of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment or of any order

preventing or suspending the use of any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus, or of the suspension of the qualification of the Securities for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or threatening of any proceedings for any of

such purposes or of any examination pursuant to Section 8(d) or 8(e) of the 1933 Act concerning the Registration Statement and (v) if the Company becomes the subject of a proceeding under Section 8A of the 1933 Act in connection with

the offering of the Securities. The Company will effect all filings required under Rule 424(b), in the manner and within the time period required by Rule 424(b) (without reliance on Rule 424(b)(8)), and will take such steps as it deems necessary to

ascertain promptly whether the form of prospectus transmitted for filing under Rule 424(b) was received for filing by the Commission and, in the event that it was not, it will promptly file such prospectus. The Company will make every reasonable

effort to prevent the issuance of any stop order, prevention or suspension and, if any such order is issued, to obtain the lifting thereof as soon as reasonably practicable.

(b) Continued Compliance with Securities Laws. The Company will comply with the 1933 Act, the 1933 Act Regulations, the 1934 Act and

the 1934 Act Regulations so as to permit the completion of the distribution of the Securities as contemplated in this Agreement and in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus. If at any time when a prospectus

relating to the Securities is (or, but for the exception afforded by Rule 172 of the 1933 Act Regulations (“Rule 172”), would be) required by the 1933 Act to be delivered in connection with sales of the Securities, any event shall occur

or condition shall exist as a result of which it is necessary, in the opinion of counsel for the Underwriters or for the Company, to (i) amend the Registration Statement in order that the Registration Statement will not include an untrue

statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, (ii) amend or supplement the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus in order that the

General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, as the case may be, will not include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading in the light of the

circumstances existing at the time it is delivered to a purchaser or (iii) amend the Registration Statement or amend or supplement the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, as the case may be, in order to comply with the requirements of

the 1933 Act or the 1933 Act Regulations, the Company will promptly (A) give the Representative notice of such event, (B) prepare any amendment or supplement as may be necessary to correct such statement or omission or to make the

Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus comply with such requirements and, a reasonable amount of time prior to any proposed filing or use, furnish the Representative with copies of any such amendment or supplement

and (C) file with the Commission any such amendment or supplement; provided that the Company shall not file or use any such amendment or supplement to which the

Representative or counsel for the Underwriters shall object. The Company will furnish to the Underwriters such number of copies of such amendment or supplement as the Underwriters may reasonably

request. The Company has given the Representative notice of any filings made pursuant to the 1934 Act or 1934 Act Regulations within 48 hours prior to the Applicable Time; the Company will give the Representative notice of its intention to make any

such filing from the Applicable Time to the Closing Time (or to the last applicable Option Closing Time) and will furnish the Representative with copies of any such documents a reasonable amount of time prior to such proposed filing, as the case may

be, and will not file or use any such document to which the Representative or counsel for the Underwriters shall reasonably object.

(c)

Delivery of Registration Statements. The Company has furnished or will deliver to the Representative and counsel for the Underwriters, without charge, signed copies of the Registration Statement as originally filed and each amendment thereto

(including exhibits filed therewith or incorporated by reference therein and documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference therein) and signed copies of all consents and certificates of experts, and will also deliver to the

Representative, without charge, a conformed copy of the Registration Statement as originally filed and each amendment thereto (without exhibits) for each of the Underwriters. The copies of the Registration Statement and each amendment thereto

furnished to the Underwriters will be identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.

(d) Delivery of Prospectuses. The Company has delivered to each Underwriter, without charge, as many copies of any preliminary

prospectus as such Underwriter reasonably requested, and the Company hereby consents to the use of such copies for purposes permitted by the 1933 Act. The Company will furnish to each Underwriter, without charge, during the period when a prospectus

relating to the Securities is (or, but for the exception afforded by Rule 172, would be) required to be delivered under the 1933 Act, such number of copies of the Prospectus (as amended or supplemented) as such Underwriter may reasonably request.

The Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto furnished to the Underwriters will be identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.

(e) Blue Sky Qualifications. The Company will use its reasonable best efforts, in

cooperation with the Underwriters, to qualify the Securities for offering and sale under the applicable securities laws of such states and other jurisdictions (domestic or foreign) as the Representative may designate and to maintain such

qualifications in effect so long as required to complete the distribution of the Securities; provided, however, that the Company shall not be obligated to file any general consent to service of process or to qualify as a foreign corporation or as a

dealer in securities in any jurisdiction in which it is not so qualified or to subject itself to taxation in respect of doing business in any jurisdiction in which it is not otherwise so subject.

(f) Rule 158. The Company will timely file such reports pursuant to the 1934 Act as are necessary in order to make generally available

to its securityholders as soon as practicable an earnings statement for the purposes of, and to provide to the Underwriters the benefits contemplated by, the last paragraph of Section 11(a) of the 1933 Act.

(g) Use of Proceeds. The Company will use the net proceeds received by it from the

sale of the Securities in the manner specified in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus under “Use of Proceeds.”

(h) Listing. The Company will use its reasonable best efforts to effect and maintain the listing of the Underwritten Shares, and, upon

the exercise of the Underwritten Warrants, the Warrant Shares, on the Nasdaq Capital Market or any successor exchange.

(i) Restriction

on Sale of Securities. During a period of 90 days from the date of the Prospectus, the Company will not, without the prior written consent of the Representative, (i) directly or indirectly, offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any

option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase or otherwise transfer or dispose of any shares of Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable

for Common Stock or file any registration statement under the 1933 Act with respect to any of the foregoing or (ii) enter into any swap or any other agreement or any transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, the

economic consequence of ownership of the Common Stock, whether any such swap or transaction described in clause (i) or (ii) above is to be settled by delivery of Common Stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise. The foregoing sentence

shall not apply to (A) the Securities to be sold hereunder, (B) any shares of Common Stock issued by the Company upon the exercise of an option or warrant or the conversion of a security outstanding on the date hereof and referred to in

the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, (C) any shares of Common Stock issued or options to purchase Common Stock granted pursuant to existing employee benefit plans of the Company referred to in the

Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, (D) any shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to any non-employee director stock plan or dividend reinvestment plan referred to

in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, (E) the issuance of the Warrant Shares in connection with the exercise of the Underwritten Warrants, (F) the filing by the Company of a registration

statement with the Commission on Form S-8 in respect of any shares or other equity instruments issued pursuant to any plans or programs described in (C) or (D) above, or (G) the sale or issuance of

or entry into an agreement to sell or issue Common Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock in connection with any (1) mergers, (2) acquisition of securities, businesses, property or other assets,

(3) joint ventures or (4) strategic alliances or relationships; provided, that the aggregate number of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock (on an as-converted

or as-exercised basis, as the case may be) that the Company may sell or issue or agree to sell or issue pursuant to this clause (G) shall not exceed 5% of the total number of the Company’s Common

Stock issued and outstanding immediately following the completion of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; and provided further, that each recipient of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock pursuant

to this clause (G) shall execute a lock-up agreement substantially in the form of Exhibit D hereto.

(j) Reporting Requirements. The Company, during the period when a Prospectus relating to the Securities is (or, but for the exception

afforded by Rule 172, would be) required to be delivered under the 1933 Act, will file all documents required to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the 1934 Act within the time periods required by the 1934 Act and 1934 Act Regulations.

Additionally, the Company shall report the use of proceeds from the issuance of the Securities as may be required under Rule 463 under the 1933 Act.

(k) Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses. The Company agrees that, unless it obtains the

prior written consent of the Representative, it will not make any offer relating to the Securities that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or that would otherwise constitute a “free writing prospectus,” or a portion

thereof, required to be filed by the Company with the Commission or retained by the Company under Rule 433; provided that the Representative will be deemed to have consented to the Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses listed on Schedule B-2 hereto and any “road show that is a written communication” within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i) that has been reviewed by the Representative. The Company represents that it has treated or agrees

that it will treat each such free writing prospectus consented to, or deemed consented to, by the Representative as an “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433, and that it has complied and will comply with the applicable

requirements of Rule 433 with respect thereto, including timely filing with the Commission where required, legending and record keeping. If at any time following issuance of an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus there occurred or occurs an event or

development as a result of which such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus conflicted or would conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement which has not been superseded or modified, any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus or

included or would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or would omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing at that subsequent time, not misleading,

the Company will promptly notify the Representative and will promptly amend or supplement, at its own expense, such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus to eliminate or correct such conflict, untrue statement or omission.

(l) Warrant Shares Reserved. The Company shall, at all times while any Underwritten Warrants are outstanding, reserve and keep

available out of the aggregate of its authorized but unissued and otherwise unreserved shares of Common Stock, solely for the purpose of enabling it to issue Warrant Shares upon exercise of such Underwritten Warrants, the number of Warrant Shares

that are initially issuable and deliverable upon the exercise of the then-outstanding Underwritten Warrants.

SECTION 4. Payment of Expenses.

(a) Expenses. The Company will pay or cause to be paid all expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement,

including (i) the preparation, printing and filing of the Registration Statement (including financial statements and exhibits) as originally filed and each amendment thereto, (ii) the preparation, printing and delivery to the Underwriters

of copies of each preliminary prospectus, each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto and any costs associated with electronic delivery of any of the foregoing by the Underwriters to investors,

(iii) the preparation, issuance and delivery of the certificates or security entitlements for the Securities to the Underwriters, including any stock or other transfer taxes and any stamp or other duties payable upon the sale, issuance or

delivery of the Securities to the Underwriters, (iv) the fees and disbursements of the Company’s counsel, accountants and other advisors, (v) the qualification of the Securities under securities laws in accordance with the provisions

of Section 3(e) hereof, including filing fees and the

reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters in connection therewith and in connection with the preparation of the Blue Sky Survey and any supplement thereto in an amount not

to exceed $5,000, (vi) the fees and expenses of any transfer agent, registrar or warrant agent for the Securities and Warrant Shares, (vii) the costs and expenses of the Company relating to investor presentations on any “road show”

undertaken in connection with the marketing of the Securities, including without limitation, expenses associated with the production of road show slides and graphics, fees and expenses of any consultants engaged by the Company in connection with the

road show presentations, travel and lodging expenses of the representatives and officers of the Company and any such consultants, and the cost of aircraft and other transportation chartered in connection with the road show (provided that the travel

and lodging expenses of the Representative shall be paid for by the Underwriters), and fifty percent (50%) of the cost of any aircraft chartered in connection with the road show (with the Underwriters agreeing to pay for the other fifty percent

(50%) of the cost of such chartered aircraft), (viii) the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the Underwritten Shares and Warrant Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market, (ix) the costs and expenses (including, without

limitation, any damages or other amounts payable in connection with legal or contractual liability) associated with the reforming of any contracts for sale of the Securities made by the Underwriters caused by a breach of the representation contained

in the third sentence of Section 1(a)(ii), and (x) the fees and expenses of the Underwriters incurred in connection with this Agreement (including related fees and expenses of their counsel), together with the fees in clause

(v) above, not to exceed $100,000 (for the avoidance of doubt, in addition to any reimbursement of fees and expenses the Underwriters may be entitled to pursuant to Section 6 hereof); provided that any expenses payable under clauses

(v), (viii) and (x) above and any expenses related to the remaining 50% of the cost of any private aircraft and other private transportation chartered in connection with the road show described in clause (vii) above are invoiced in a

timely manner.

(b) Termination of Agreement. If this Agreement is terminated by the Representative in accordance with the

provisions of Section 5, Section 9(a)(i) or (iii) or Section 10 hereof, the Company shall reimburse the Underwriters for all of their documented

out-of-pocket expenses, including the reasonable documented fees and disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters.

SECTION 5. Conditions of Underwriters’ Obligations. The obligations of the several Underwriters hereunder are subject to the accuracy of the

representations and warranties of the Company contained herein or in certificates of any officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries delivered pursuant to the provisions hereof, to the performance by the Company of its covenants and other

obligations hereunder, and to the following further conditions:

(a) Effectiveness of Registration Statement. The Registration

Statement has become effective and, at the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto has been issued under the 1933 Act, no

order preventing or suspending the use of any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued and no proceedings for any of those purposes have been instituted or are pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, contemplated; and the

Company has complied with each request (if any) from the Commission for additional information.

(b) Opinion of Counsel for Company. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option

Closing Time, the Representative shall have received the opinion and 10b-5 statement, dated the Closing Time, of Cooley LLP, counsel for the Company, in form and substance satisfactory to counsel for the

Underwriters, together with signed or reproduced copies of such letter for each of the other Underwriters.

Counsel for Company on Intellectual Property Matters. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, the Representative shall have received the opinion, dated the Closing Time, of internal legal counsel for the Company, in form and

substance satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters, together with signed or reproduced copies of such letter for each of the other Underwriters.

(d) Opinion of Internal Counsel for Company on Regulatory Matters. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, the

Representative shall have received the opinion, dated the Closing Time, of internal legal counsel for the Company, in form and substance satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters, together with signed or reproduced copies of such letter for each

of the other Underwriters.

(e) Opinion of Counsel for Underwriters. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, the

Representative shall have received the opinion and 10b5-1 statement, dated the Closing Time, of Covington & Burling LLP, counsel for the Underwriters.

(f) Officers’ Certificate. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, there shall not have been, since the date

hereof or since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, any material adverse change in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the earnings, business

affairs or business prospects of the Company and its subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business, and the Representative shall have received a certificate of the Chief Executive Officer or the

President of the Company and of the chief financial or chief accounting officer of the Company, dated the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, to the effect that (i) there has been no such material adverse change, (ii) the

representations and warranties of the Company in this Agreement are true and correct with the same force and effect as though expressly made at and as of the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, (iii) the Company has complied

with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied at or prior to the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, and (iv) no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement

under the 1933 Act has been issued, no order preventing or suspending the use of any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued and no proceedings for any of those purposes have been instituted or are pending or, to their knowledge,

contemplated.

(g) Accountant’s Comfort Letter. At the time of the execution of this Agreement, the Representative shall have

received from Ernst & Young LLP a letter, dated such date, in form and substance satisfactory to the Representative, together with signed or reproduced copies of such letter for each of the other Underwriters containing statements and

information of the type ordinarily included in accountants’ “comfort letters” to underwriters with respect to the financial statements and certain financial information contained in the Registration Statement, the General

Disclosure Package and the Prospectus.

(h) Bring-down Comfort Letter. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing

Time, the Representative shall have received from Ernst & Young LLP a letter, dated as of the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, to the effect that they reaffirm the statements made in the letter furnished pursuant to

subsection (g) of this Section, except that the specified date referred to shall be a date not more than three business days prior to the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time.

(i) CFO Certificate. At the time of the execution of this Agreement, solely to the extent requested, the Representative shall have

received from the Chief Financial Officer of the Company a certificate, dated such date, in form and substance satisfactory to the Representative, with respect to certain financial data contained in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure

Package and the Prospectus, providing “management comfort” with respect to such information, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representative.

(j) Bring-down CFO Certificate. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, the Representative shall have received from

the Chief Financial Officer of the Company a letter, dated as of the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, to the effect that they reaffirm the statements made in the letter furnished pursuant to subsection (i) of this Section,

except that the specified date referred to shall be a date not more than three business days prior to the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time.

(k) Approval of Listing. At the Closing Time, the Securities shall have been approved for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, subject

only to official notice of issuance.

(l) Lock-up Agreements. At the date of this

Agreement, the Representative shall have received an agreement substantially in the form of Exhibit D hereto signed by the persons listed on Schedule C hereto.

(m) Rating. Neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have any debt securities or preferred stock that are rated by any

“nationally recognized statistical rating organization” (as defined in Section 3(a)(62) of the 1934 Act).

(n)

[Reserved].

(o) Additional Documents. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, counsel for the

Underwriters shall have been furnished with such documents and opinions as they may reasonably require for the purpose of enabling them to pass upon the issuance and sale of the Securities as herein contemplated, or in order to evidence the accuracy

of any of the representations or warranties, or the fulfillment of any of the conditions, herein contained; and all proceedings taken by the Company in connection with the issuance and sale of the Securities as herein contemplated shall be

reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Representative and counsel for the Underwriters.

(p) Termination of Agreement. If any condition specified in this Section shall not

have been fulfilled when and as required to be fulfilled, this Agreement may be terminated by the Representative by notice to the Company at any time at or prior to Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, and such termination shall be

without liability of any party to any other party except as provided in Section 4 and except that Sections 1, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16 and 17 shall survive any such termination and remain in full force and effect.

SECTION 6. Indemnification.

(a)

Indemnification of Underwriters. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, its affiliates (as such term is defined in Rule 501(b) under the 1933 Act (each, an “Affiliate”)), its selling agents, officers

and directors and each person, if any, who controls any Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act or Section 20 of the 1934 Act:

(i) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, arising out of any untrue statement or alleged

untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), including any information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B, or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact

required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact included (A) in any preliminary prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing

Prospectus, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) or (B) in any materials or information provided to investors by, or with the approval of, the Company in connection with the marketing of the

offering of the Securities (“Marketing Materials”), including any roadshow or investor presentations made to investors by the Company (whether in person or electronically), or the omission or alleged omission in any preliminary

prospectus, Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, Prospectus or in any Marketing Materials of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading;

(ii) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, to the extent of the aggregate amount paid in

settlement of any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or of any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or

omission; provided that (subject to Section 6(d) below) any such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company;

(iii) against any and all expense whatsoever, as incurred (including the fees and disbursements of counsel chosen by the Representative),

reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or

omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or omission, to the extent that any such expense is not paid under (i) or (ii) above;

provided,

however, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to any loss, liability, claim, damage or expense to the extent arising out of any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in the Registration Statement (or any

amendment thereto), including any information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with the Underwriter

Information.

(b) Indemnification of Company, Directors and Officers. Each Underwriter severally

agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, its directors, each of its officers who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act or Section 20

of the 1934 Act, against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the indemnity contained in subsection (a) of this Section, as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue

statements or omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), including any information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement

thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with the Underwriter Information.

indemnified party shall give notice as promptly as reasonably practicable to each indemnifying party of any action commenced against it in respect of which indemnity may be sought hereunder, but failure to so notify an indemnifying party shall not

relieve such indemnifying party from any liability hereunder to the extent it is not materially prejudiced as a result thereof and in any event shall not relieve it from any liability which it may have otherwise than on account of this indemnity

agreement. In the case of parties indemnified pursuant to Section 6(a) above, counsel to the indemnified parties shall be selected by the Representative, and, in the case of parties indemnified pursuant to Section 6(b) above, counsel to

the indemnified parties shall be selected by the Company. An indemnifying party may participate at its own expense in the defense of any such action; provided, however, that counsel to the indemnifying party shall not (except with the consent of the

indemnified party) also be counsel to the indemnified party. In no event shall the indemnifying parties be liable for fees and expenses of more than one counsel (in addition to any local counsel) separate from their own counsel for all indemnified

parties in connection with any one action or separate but similar or related actions in the same jurisdiction arising out of the same general allegations or circumstances. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of the

indemnified parties, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment with respect to any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever in respect of

which indemnification or contribution could be sought under this Section 6 or Section 7 hereof (whether or not the indemnified parties are actual or potential parties thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent

(i) includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising out of such litigation, investigation, proceeding or claim and (ii) does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a

failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party.

(d) Settlement without Consent if Failure to Reimburse. If at any time an

indemnified party shall have requested an indemnifying party to reimburse the indemnified party for fees and expenses of counsel, such indemnifying party agrees that it shall be liable for any settlement of the nature contemplated by

Section 6(a)(ii) effected without its written consent if (i) such settlement is entered into more than 45 days after receipt by such indemnifying party of the aforesaid request, (ii) such indemnifying party shall have received notice

of the terms of such settlement at least 30 days prior to such settlement being entered into and (iii) such indemnifying party shall not have reimbursed such indemnified party in accordance with such request prior to the date of such

settlement.

SECTION 7. Contribution. If the indemnification provided for in Section 6 hereof is for any

reason unavailable to or insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party in respect of any losses, liabilities, claims, damages or expenses referred to therein, then each indemnifying party shall contribute to the aggregate amount of such losses,

liabilities, claims, damages and expenses incurred by such indemnified party, as incurred, (i) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and the Underwriters, on the other

hand, from the offering of the Securities pursuant to this Agreement or (ii) if the allocation provided by clause (i) is not permitted by applicable law, in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits

referred to in clause (i) above but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and of the Underwriters, on the other hand, in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in such losses, liabilities, claims, damages

or expenses, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations.

The relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and

the Underwriters, on the other hand, in connection with the offering of the Securities pursuant to this Agreement shall be deemed to be in the same respective proportions as the total net proceeds from the offering of the Securities pursuant to this

Agreement (before deducting expenses) received by the Company, on the one hand, and the total underwriting discount received by the Underwriters, on the other hand, in each case as set forth on the cover of the Prospectus, bear to the aggregate

initial public offering price of the Securities as set forth on the cover of the Prospectus.

The relative fault of the Company, on the

one hand, and the Underwriters, on the other hand, shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether any such untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to

information supplied by the Company or by the Underwriters and the parties’ relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission.

The Company and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section 7 were determined

by pro rata allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as one entity for such purpose) or by any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to above in this Section 7. The aggregate

amount of losses, liabilities, claims, damages and expenses incurred by an indemnified party and referred to above in this Section 7 shall be deemed to include any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in

investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission

or alleged omission.

Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section 7, no Underwriter shall be required to contribute any amount in

excess of the underwriting commissions received by such Underwriter in connection with the Underwritten Shares underwritten by it and distributed to the public.

No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f)

of the 1933 Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation.

For purposes

of this Section 7, each person, if any, who controls an Underwriter within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act or Section 20 of the 1934 Act and each Underwriter’s Affiliates and selling agents shall have the same rights

to contribution as such Underwriter, and each director of the Company, each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act or

Section 20 of the 1934 Act shall have the same rights to contribution as the Company. The Underwriters’ respective obligations to contribute pursuant to this Section 7 are several in proportion to the number of Firm Securities set

forth opposite their respective names in Schedule A hereto and not joint.

SECTION 8. Representations, Warranties and Agreements to Survive. All

representations, warranties and agreements contained in this Agreement or in certificates of officers of the Company or any of its subsidiaries submitted pursuant hereto, shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of (i) any

investigation made by or on behalf of any Underwriter or its Affiliates or selling agents, any person controlling any Underwriter, its officers or directors, any person controlling the Company and (ii) delivery of and payment for the

Securities.

SECTION 9. Termination of Agreement.

(a) Termination. The Representative may terminate this Agreement, by notice to the Company, at any time at or prior to the Closing Time

(i) if there has been, in the judgment of the Representative, since the time of execution of this Agreement or since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the

Prospectus, any material adverse change in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the earnings, business affairs or business prospects of the Company and its subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary

course of business, or (ii) if there has occurred any material adverse change in the financial markets in the United States or the international financial markets, any outbreak of hostilities or escalation thereof or other calamity or crisis or

any change or development involving a prospective change in national or international political, financial or economic conditions, in each case the effect of which is such as to make it, in the judgment of the Representative, impracticable or

inadvisable to proceed with the completion of the offering or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Securities, or (iii) if trading in any securities of the Company has been suspended or materially limited by the Commission or the Nasdaq

Capital Market, or (iv) if trading generally on the NYSE MKT or the New York Stock Exchange or in the Nasdaq Capital Market has been suspended or materially limited, or minimum or maximum prices for trading have been fixed, or maximum ranges

for prices have been required, by any of said exchanges or by order of the Commission, FINRA or any other governmental authority, or (v) a material disruption has occurred in commercial banking or securities settlement or clearance services in

the United States or with respect to Clearstream or Euroclear systems in Europe, or (vi) if a banking moratorium has been declared by either Federal or New York authorities.

(b) Liabilities. If this Agreement is terminated pursuant to this Section, such

termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except as provided in Section 4 hereof, and provided further that Sections 1, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16 and 17 shall survive such termination and remain in full force and effect.

SECTION 10. Default by One or More of the Underwriters. If one or more of the Underwriters shall fail at the Closing Time or any applicable Option

Closing Time to purchase the Securities which it or they are obligated to purchase under this Agreement (the “Defaulted Securities”), the Representative shall have the right, within 24 hours thereafter, to make arrangements for one or

more of the non-defaulting Underwriters, or any other underwriters, to purchase all, but not less than all, of the Defaulted Securities in such amounts as may be agreed upon and upon the terms herein set

forth; if, however, the Representative shall not have completed such arrangements within such 24-hour period, then:

(i) if the number of Defaulted Securities does not exceed 10% of the number of Securities to be purchased on such date, each of the non-defaulting Underwriters shall be obligated, severally and not jointly, to purchase the full amount thereof in the proportions that their respective underwriting obligations hereunder bear to the underwriting

obligations of all non-defaulting Underwriters, or

(ii) if the number of Defaulted Securities

exceeds 10% of the number of Securities to be purchased on such date, this Agreement the obligation of the Underwriters to purchase, and the Company to sell, the Securities to be purchased and sold shall terminate without liability on the part of

any non-defaulting Underwriter.

No action taken pursuant to this Section shall relieve any

defaulting Underwriter from liability in respect of its default.

In the event of any such default which does not result in a termination

of this Agreement, either the (i) Representative or (ii) the Company shall have the right to postpone Closing Time or applicable Option Closing Time for a period not exceeding seven days in order to effect any required changes in the

Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus or in any other documents or arrangements. As used herein, the term “Underwriter” includes any person substituted for an Underwriter under this Section 10.

SECTION 11. Notices. All notices and other communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given if mailed or

transmitted by any standard form of telecommunication. Notices to the Underwriters shall be directed to Piper Sandler & Co. at 1251 Avenue of the Americas, 6th Floor, New York, New York 10022, Attention: General Counsel, with copies to

Covington & Burling LLP, 30 Hudson Yards, New York, New York 10001-2170, Attention: Michael D. Maline; notices to the Company shall be directed to it at 660 W. Germantown Pike, Suite 100, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462, Facsimile:

(267) 440-4200, Attention: Chief Executive Officer, with copies to Cooley LLP, 1299 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington DC 20004, Attention: Darah Protas.

SECTION 12. No Advisory or Fiduciary Relationship. The Company acknowledges and agrees that

(a) the purchase and sale of the Securities pursuant to this Agreement, including the determination of the initial public offering price of the Securities and any related discounts and commissions, is an

arm’s-length commercial transaction between the Company, on the one hand, and the several Underwriters, on the other hand, and does not constitute a recommendation, investment advice, or solicitation of

any action by the Underwriters, (b) in connection with the offering of the Securities and the process leading thereto, each Underwriter is and has been acting solely as a principal and is not the agent or fiduciary of the Company, any of its

subsidiaries, or its stockholders, creditors, employees or any other party, (c) no Underwriter has assumed or will assume an advisory or fiduciary responsibility in favor of the Company with respect to the offering of the Securities or the

process leading thereto (irrespective of whether such Underwriter has advised or is currently advising the Company, any of its subsidiaries on other matters) and no Underwriter has any obligation to the Company with respect to the offering of the

Securities except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement, (d) the Underwriters and their respective affiliates may be engaged in a broad range of transactions that involve interests that differ from those of the Company, and

(e) the Underwriters have not provided any legal, accounting, regulatory, investment or tax advice with respect to the offering of the Securities and the Company has consulted its own respective legal, accounting, financial, regulatory and tax

advisors to the extent it deemed appropriate, and (f) none of the activities of the Underwriters in connection with the transactions contemplated herein constitutes a recommendation, investment advice or solicitation of any action by the

Underwriters with respect to any entity or natural person.

SECTION 13. Recognition of the U.S. Special Resolution Regimes.

(a) In the event that any Underwriter that is a Covered Entity becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the

transfer from such Underwriter of this Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement, will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement, and any

such interest and obligation, were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.

(b) In the event that any

Underwriter that is a Covered Entity or a BHC Act Affiliate of such Underwriter becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights under this Agreement that may be exercised against such Underwriter are permitted

to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.

For purposes of this Section 13, a “BHC Act Affiliate” has the meaning assigned to the term “affiliate” in, and shall be

interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. § 1841(k). “Covered Entity” means any of the following: (i) a “covered entity” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 252.82(b);

(ii) a “covered bank” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 47.3(b); or (iii) a “covered FSI” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. §

382.2(b). “Default Right” has the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. §§ 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable. “U.S. Special Resolution Regime” means each

of (i) the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and (ii) Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

SECTION 14. Parties. This Agreement shall each inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the

Underwriters, the Company and their respective successors. Nothing expressed or mentioned in this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to give any person, firm or corporation, other than the Underwriters, the Company and their respective

successors and the controlling persons and officers and directors referred to in Sections 6 and 7 and their heirs and legal representatives, any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Agreement or any provision herein

contained. This Agreement and all conditions and provisions hereof are intended to be for the sole and exclusive benefit of the Underwriters, the Company and their respective successors, and said controlling persons and officers and directors and

their heirs and legal representatives, and for the benefit of no other person, firm or corporation. No purchaser of Securities from any Underwriter shall be deemed to be a successor by reason merely of such purchase.

SECTION 15. Trial by Jury. The Company (on its behalf and, to the extent permitted by applicable law, on behalf of its stockholders and affiliates) and

each of the Underwriters hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any and all right to trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby.

SECTION 16. GOVERNING LAW. THIS AGREEMENT AND ANY CLAIM, CONTROVERSY OR DISPUTE ARISING UNDER OR RELATED TO THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY,

AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF, THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO ITS CHOICE OF LAW PROVISIONS.

SECTION 17. Consent to

Jurisdiction; Waiver of Immunity. Any legal suit, action or proceeding arising out of or based upon this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby (“Related Proceedings”) shall be instituted in (i) the federal courts of

the United States of America located in the City and County of New York, Borough of Manhattan or (ii) the courts of the State of New York located in the City and County of New York, Borough of Manhattan (collectively, the “Specified

Courts”), and each party irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction (except for proceedings instituted in regard to the enforcement of a judgment of any such court (a “Related Judgment”), as to which such jurisdiction is non-exclusive) of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding. Service of any process, summons, notice or document by mail to such party’s address set forth above shall be effective service of process

for any suit, action or other proceeding brought in any such court. The parties irrevocably and unconditionally waive any objection to the laying of venue of any suit, action or other proceeding in the Specified Courts and irrevocably and

unconditionally waive and agree not to plead or claim in any such court that any such suit, action or other proceeding brought in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum.

SECTION 18. TIME. TIME SHALL BE OF THE ESSENCE OF THIS AGREEMENT. EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE SET FORTH HEREIN, SPECIFIED TIMES OF DAY REFER TO NEW YORK CITY

TIME.

SECTION 19. Counterparts and Electronic Signatures. This Agreement may be executed in any number of

counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same Agreement. Electronic signatures complying with the New York Electronic Signatures and Records Act (N.Y. State Tech.

§§ 301-309), as amended from time to time, or other applicable law will be deemed original signatures for purposes of this Agreement. Transmission by telecopy, electronic mail or other transmission

method of an executed counterpart of this Agreement will constitute due and sufficient delivery of such counterpart.

SECTION 20. Effect of

Headings. The Section headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof.

[Signature Page Follows]

If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding of our agreement, please sign and

return to the Company a counterpart hereof, whereupon this instrument, along with all counterparts, will become a binding agreement among the Underwriters and the Company in accordance with its terms.

Very truly yours,

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICAL, INC.

/s/ Peter Kies

Name:

Peter Kies

Title:

Chief Financial Officer

CONFIRMED AND ACCEPTED,

as of the date first above written:

PIPER SANDLER & CO.

/s/ David Stadinski

Name:

David Stadinski

Title:

Managing Director

For itself and as Representative of the other Underwriters named in Schedule A hereto.

Signature Page to Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Underwriting Agreement

SCHEDULE A

The initial public offering price for one Underwritten Share, one Series A Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock (or

Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) and one Series B Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) shall be $1.40 (the

“Share and Common Warrant Purchase Price”).

The combined purchase price per Underwritten Share and accompanying Series A Warrant and Series B

Warrant to be paid by the several Underwriters to the Company shall be $1.316, being an amount equal to the Share and Common Warrant Purchase Price less $0.084.

Number of

Firm Shares

Number of

Series A

Warrants

Number of

Series B

Warrants

Piper Sandler & Co.

12,500,000

Total

12,500,000

Sch A- 1

SCHEDULE B-1

Pricing Terms

The Company is selling 12,500,000 shares of Common Stock and accompanying Series A Warrants to purchase up to

12,500,000 shares of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu thereof) and Series B Warrants to purchase up to 12,500,000 shares of Common Stock (or Pre-Funded

Warrants in lieu thereof).

The Company has granted an option to the Underwriters to purchase up to an additional 1,875,000 shares of

Common Stock and Series A Warrants to purchase up to 1,875,000 additional shares of Common Stock and Series B Warrants to purchase up to 1,875,000 additional shares of Common Stock.

The combined public offering price for one Underwritten Share and accompanying Series A Warrant and Series B

Warrant shall be $1.40.

The Series A Warrants are exercisable any time following issuance until the date that is one (1) year

after the date of issuance, by payment of the exercise price in cash (or by cashless exercise in certain circumstances). The Series A Warrants shall not be exercisable if the respective holder’s ownership would exceed the initial beneficial

ownership limit as set by such holder. However, any holder may increase the initial beneficial ownership percentage, not to exceed 19.99%, if the holder provides at least 61 days notice.

The Series B Warrants are exercisable any time following issuance until the date that is five (5) years

after the date of issuance, by payment of the exercise price in cash (or by cashless exercise in certain circumstances). The Series B Warrants shall not be exercisable if the respective holder’s ownership would exceed the initial beneficial

ownership limit as set by such holder. However, any holder may increase the initial beneficial ownership percentage, not to exceed 19.99%, if the holder provides at least 61 days notice.

Sch B-1

SCHEDULE B-2

Free Writing Prospectuses

None

Sch B-2

SCHEDULE C

List of Persons and Entities Subject to Lock-up

Jacqueline Shea

Peter Kies

Laurent Humeau

Michael Sumner

Simon X. Benito

Roger D. Dansey

Ann C. Miller

Jay Shepard

David B. Weiner

Wendy L. Yarno

Lota S. Zoth

Sch C- 1

Exhibit A

Form of Lock-Up Agreement

___________, 2026

Piper Sandler & Co. Inc.

as Representative of the several

Underwriters to be named in

the

within-mentioned Underwriting Agreement

c/o

Piper Sandler & Co.

1251 Avenue of the Americas, 6th Floor

New York, New York 10022

Re:

Proposed Public Offering by Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Dear Sirs and Madams:

The undersigned, a

stockholder and an officer and/or director of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), understands that Piper Sandler & Co. (“Piper Sandler”) proposes to enter into an Underwriting

Agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with the Company providing for the public offering (the “Public Offering”) of (i) shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common

Stock”), (ii) warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, and (iii) any other securities as may be determined to be issued by the Company pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement. In recognition of the benefit that such an offering will

confer upon the undersigned as a stockholder and an officer and/or director of the Company, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the undersigned agrees with each underwriter to

be named in the Underwriting Agreement that, during the period beginning on the date hereof and ending on the date that is 90 days from the date of the Underwriting Agreement (the “Lock-Up

Period”), the undersigned will not, without the prior written consent of Piper Sandler, (i) directly or indirectly, offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell,

grant any option, right or warrant to purchase or otherwise transfer or dispose of any shares of the Company’s Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock, whether now owned or hereafter

acquired by the undersigned or with respect to which the undersigned has or hereafter acquires the power of disposition (collectively, the “Lock-Up Securities”), or exercise any right with respect

to the registration of any of the Lock-Up Securities, or file or cause to be filed any registration statement in connection therewith, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or (ii) enter into any

swap or any other agreement or any transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, the economic consequence of ownership of the Lock-Up Securities, whether any such swap or transaction

is to be settled by delivery of Common Stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise.

Ex A-1

Notwithstanding the foregoing, and subject to the conditions below, the undersigned may

transfer or otherwise dispose of the Lock-Up Securities without the prior written consent of Piper Sandler, provided that (1) the underwriters receive a signed

lock-up agreement for the balance of the Lock-Up Period from each donee, trustee, distributee, or transferee, as the case may be, (2)(a) in the case of clauses

(i) through (v) below, (i) such transfers do not involve dispositions for value and (ii) except in the case of gifts pursuant to clause (i) below or transfers pursuant to clause (ix) below, are not required to be reported

with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on Form 4 or Form 5 in accordance with Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and (b) in the case of

clauses (vi) through (x) below, any required Form 4 filing shall state the reason for such transfer, and (3) the undersigned does not otherwise voluntarily effect any public filing or report regarding such transfers:

(i)

as a bona fide gift or gifts or for bona fide estate planning purposes;

(ii)

to the immediate family of the undersigned or any trust or other entity for the direct or indirect benefit of

the undersigned or the immediate family of the undersigned (for purposes of this lock-up agreement, “immediate family” shall mean any relationship by blood, marriage or adoption, not more remote

than first cousin) or if the undersigned is a trust, to any beneficiary of the undersigned (including such beneficiary’s estate);

(iii)

as a distribution to limited or general partners, stockholders or other equity holders of the undersigned;

(iv)

to the undersigned’s affiliates or to any investment fund or other entity controlled or managed by the

undersigned;

(v)

by will or intestacy;

(vi)

to the Company in connection with the exercise of options, warrants or other rights to acquire shares of Common

Stock or any security convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock by way of “net” or “cashless” exercise and/or to cover withholding tax obligations in connection with such exercise pursuant to an employee benefit plan,

option, warrant or other right disclosed in the prospectus for the Public Offering, including any documents incorporated therein by reference, provided that any such shares issued upon exercise of such option, warrant or other right shall be subject

to the restrictions set forth herein;

(vii)

pursuant to a court order or settlement agreement related to the distribution of assets in connection with the

dissolution of a marriage or civil union;

(viii)

to the Company pursuant to agreements under which the Company has the option to repurchase such shares or a

right of first refusal with respect to transfers of such shares upon termination of service of the undersigned;

Ex A-2

(ix)

in accordance with a trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the

Exchange Act (“10b5-1 Trading Plan”) that is existing on the date hereof; provided that any Form 4 or Form 5 required to be filed under the Exchange Act if the undersigned is subject to

Section 16 reporting with respect to the Company under the Exchange Act will indicate by footnote that such sale was made under the circumstances described in this clause; and provided further that no other filing under the

Exchange Act or other public announcement shall be required or shall be made voluntarily in connection with such sale during the Lock-Up Period; or

(x)

to a bona fide third party pursuant to a merger, consolidation, tender offer or other similar

transaction made to all holders of Common Stock and involving a Change of Control of the Company and approved by the Company’s board of directors; provided that, in the event that such Change of Control is not completed, the

undersigned’s Lock-Up Securities shall remain subject to the restrictions contained herein. “Change of Control” shall mean the transfer (whether by tender offer, merger, consolidation or

other similar transaction), in one transaction or a series of related transactions, to a person or group of affiliated persons (other than an underwriter pursuant to the Public Offering), of the Company’s voting securities if, after such

transfer, such person or group of affiliated persons would hold more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the Company (or the surviving entity).

Furthermore, the undersigned may sell shares of Common Stock of the Company purchased by the undersigned on the open market following the

Public Offering if and only if (i) such sales are not required to be reported in any public report or filing with the Commission, or otherwise and (ii) the undersigned does not otherwise voluntarily effect any public filing or report

regarding such sales.

The undersigned acknowledges and agrees that the underwriters have not provided any recommendation or investment

advice nor have the underwriters solicited any action from the undersigned with respect to the Public Offering of the securities and the undersigned has consulted their own legal, accounting, financial, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent

deemed appropriate. The undersigned further acknowledges and agrees that, although the Representatives may be required or choose to provide certain Regulation Best Interest and Form CRS disclosures to you in connection with the Public Offering, the

Representatives and the other underwriters are not making a recommendation to you to enter into this agreement and nothing set forth in such disclosures is intended to suggest that the Representatives or any underwriter is making such a

recommendation.

The undersigned also agrees and consents to the entry of stop transfer instructions with the Company’s transfer

agent and registrar against the transfer of the Lock-Up Securities except in compliance with the foregoing restrictions.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the undersigned may establish a 10b5-1 Trading Plan, provided, that

(i) any public announcement or filing under the Exchange Act regarding the establishment or amendment of such 10b5-1 Trading Plan shall clearly disclose that no shares of Common Stock shall be disposed by

such plan during the duration of the Lock-Up Period and (ii) no sales are made during the Lock-Up Period pursuant to such plan.

Ex A-3

This agreement may be delivered via facsimile, electronic mail (including pdf or any

electronic signature complying with the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, e.g., www.docusign.com or www.echosign.com) or other transmission method and any copy so delivered shall be deemed to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and

effective for all purposes.

This agreement (and for the avoidance of doubt, the Lock-Up Period

described herein) and related restrictions shall automatically terminate upon the earliest to occur, if any, of (i) the Company advising the Representatives in writing prior to the execution of the Underwriting Agreement that it has determined

not to proceed with the Public Offering, (ii) the termination of the Underwriting Agreement before the sale of any Common Stock to the underwriters, or (iii) April 30, 2026, in the event the closing of the Public Offering shall not

have occurred on or before such date.

Very truly yours,

Signature:

Print Name:

Ex A-4

EX-4.1

Filename: d137120dex41.htm · Sequence: 3

EX-4.1

Exhibit 4.1

PRE-FUNDED COMMON STOCK PURCHASE WARRANT

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Warrant

Date of Issuance: April 6, 2026 (such date, the “Issue Date”)

Warrant No.: PF-[ ]

THIS COMMON STOCK PURCHASE WARRANT (the “Warrant”) certifies that, for value received, the registered holder hereof or its permitted

assigns (the “Holder”) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions set forth herein, at any time on or after the Issue Date, to subscribe for and purchase from Inovio

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), up to shares (the “Warrant Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share

(“Common Stock”). The purchase price of one share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise Price, as defined in Section 2(b). This Warrant is one of the

Pre-Funded Common Stock Purchase Warrants issued in connection with the transactions contemplated by (i) that certain Underwriting Agreement, dated as of April 2, 2026, by and between the Company and

Piper Sandler & Co., as the representative of the several underwriters named therein and (ii) the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File

No. 333-275445) (the “Registration Statement”).

Section 1.

Definitions. For purposes of this Warrant, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

a) “Affiliate” means any

Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the

“1933 Act”).

b) “Attribution Parties” means, collectively, the following Persons and entities: (i) any

investment vehicle, including, any funds, feeder funds or managed accounts, currently, or from time to time after the Issue Date, directly or indirectly managed or advised by the Holder’s investment manager or any of its Affiliates or

principals, (ii) any direct or indirect Affiliates of the Holder or any of the foregoing, (iii) any Person acting or who could be deemed to be acting as a Group together with the Holder or any of the foregoing and (iv) any other

Persons whose beneficial ownership of Common Stock would or could be aggregated with the Holder’s and the other Attribution Parties for purposes of Section 13(d) or Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the

“1934 Act”). For clarity, the purpose of the foregoing is to subject collectively the Holder and all other Attribution Parties to the Maximum Percentage (as defined in Section 2(e)).

c) “Bloomberg” means Bloomberg Financial Markets.

d) “Business Day” means any day except any Saturday, any Sunday, any day that is a federal legal holiday in the United States or any day on

which the New York Stock Exchange is authorized or required by law or other governmental action to close.

e) “Group” means a

“group” as that term is used in Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act and as defined in Rule 13d-5 thereunder.

f) “Person” means an individual, a limited liability company, a partnership, a joint venture, a corporation, a trust, an unincorporated

organization, any other entity and a government or any department or agency thereof.

g) “Trading Day” means any day on which the

Common Stock is traded on the Trading Market.

h) “Trading Market” means the principal securities exchange or securities market,

including an over-the-counter market, on which the Common Stock is then traded in the United States.

i) “Weighted Average Price” means, for any security as of any date, the dollar

volume-weighted average price for such security on the Trading Market during the period beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York City time, and ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York City time, as reported by Bloomberg through its “Volume at Price”

function or, if the foregoing does not apply, the dollar volume-weighted average price of such security in the over-the-counter market on the electronic bulletin board

for such security during the period beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York City time, and ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York City time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no dollar volume-weighted average price is reported for such security by Bloomberg

for such hours, the average of the highest closing bid price and the lowest closing ask price of any of the market makers for such security as reported in the “pink sheets” published by OTC Markets Group, Inc. (or a similar organization

or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices). If the Weighted Average Price cannot be calculated for such security on such date on any of the foregoing bases, the Weighted Average Price of such security on such date shall be the fair

market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Holder. If the Company and the Holder are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved pursuant to Section 5(n) with the term

“Weighted Average Price” being substituted for the term “Exercise Price.” All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination or other similar transaction during such

period.

Section 2. Exercise.

a) Exercise of Warrant. Subject to the terms and conditions hereof, the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be exercised, in whole or in

part, at any time or times on or after the Issue Date by delivery (whether via facsimile or otherwise) to the Company (or such other office or agency of the Company as it may designate by notice in writing to the registered Holder at the address of

the Holder appearing on the books of the Company) of a duly executed copy of the Notice of Exercise form annexed hereto (the “Notice of Exercise”) and by payment to the Company of an amount equal to the aggregate Exercise Price of

the Warrant Shares thereby purchased by wire transfer (or by notifying the Company that this Warrant is being exercised pursuant to a Cashless Exercise (as defined below)). No ink-original Notice of Exercise

shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise form be required. The Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has

purchased all of the Warrant Shares available hereunder and the Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within three (3) Trading Days after the date the Notice of

Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares

purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares purchased. The Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased and the date of such purchases. The Holder and any

assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase hereunder at

any given time may be less than the amount stated on the face hereof.

b) Exercise Price. The exercise price per share of Common Stock under

this Warrant shall be $0.001, subject to adjustment as provided herein (the “Exercise Price”).

c) Mechanics of Exercise.

i. Delivery of Warrant Shares Upon Exercise. Certificates for shares purchased hereunder shall be transmitted to the Holder by crediting the account of

the Holder’s prime broker with The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”) through its Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian (“DWAC”) system if the Company is then a participant in such system and otherwise by physical

delivery to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days after the receipt by the Company of the Notice of Exercise or (ii) the standard settlement cycle after

the receipt by the Company of the Notice of Exercise (in either case provided that payment of the Exercise Price (or notification of Cashless Exercise, if applicable) has then been received by the Company) (such date, the “Warrant Share

Delivery Date”). This Warrant shall be deemed to have been exercised upon proper delivery of the Notice of Exercise and payment of the Exercise Price (or notification of Cashless Exercise). The Warrant Shares shall be deemed to have been

issued, and the Holder or any other person so designated to be named therein shall be deemed to have become a holder of record of such shares for all purposes, as of the date the Warrant has been exercised. The Company shall use commercially

reasonable efforts to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding and exercisable.

ii. Delivery of New Warrant Upon Exercise. If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the

Company shall, at the request of a Holder and upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the certificate or certificates representing Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant evidencing the rights of the Holder

to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant.

iii.

Compensation for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares Upon Exercise. In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit

to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 2(c)(i) above pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date (other than a failure caused by incorrect or incomplete information provided by the

Holder to the Company), and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market transaction or otherwise) or the Holder’s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction

of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a “Buy-In”), then the Company shall either (A) pay in cash to the Holder the

amount, if any, by which (x) the Holder’s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so purchased exceeds (y) the amount obtained by multiplying (1) the number of Warrant Shares

that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with the exercise at issue times (2) the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, or (B) at the option of the Holder, either

reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock that would

have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery obligations hereunder. For example, if the Holder purchases Common Stock having a total purchase price of $11,000 to cover a

Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of this Warrant with an aggregate sale price giving rise to such purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A) of the immediately preceding sentence the

Company shall be required to pay the Holder $1,000. In connection with the foregoing, the Holder shall (i) use its reasonable efforts to notify the Company in advance of any pending exercise of this Warrant in order to enable to the Company to

deliver the Warrant Shares by the Warrant Share Delivery Date and (ii) provide the Company written notice within three (3) Business Days after the occurrence of a Buy-In, indicating the amounts

payable to the Holder in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss. Subject to Section 5(i), nothing herein shall limit a Holder’s right to pursue

any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s failure to timely deliver Warrant Shares upon exercise of

the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof.

iv. No Fractional Shares or Scrip. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional

shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant. As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the Company shall, at its election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such

final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or round (up or down) to the nearest whole share.

v. Charges,

Taxes and Expenses. Issuance of certificates for Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax or other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such certificate, all of which taxes and expenses

shall be paid by the Company, and such certificates shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that in the event certificates for Warrant Shares are to be

issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment Form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment

of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto.

vi. Closing of Books. The Company will not close its stockholder

books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise of this Warrant pursuant to the terms hereof.

d) Cashless Exercise.

Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, the Holder may exercise this Warrant, whether in whole or in part, and in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to the Company upon such exercise in payment of

the Exercise Price, by effecting a cashless exercise of this Warrant pursuant to which the Holder shall receive upon such cashless exercise the “Net Number” of Warrant Shares determined according to the following formula (a

“Cashless Exercise”):

Net Number =

(A x B) - (A x C)

For purposes of the foregoing formula:

A = the total number of shares of Common Stock with respect to which this Warrant is then being exercised.

B = the Weighted Average Price of the shares of Common Stock on the date immediately preceding the date of the Notice of Exercise.

C = the Exercise Price then in effect for the applicable Warrant Shares at the time of such exercise.

If Warrant Shares are issued in such a Cashless Exercise, the Company acknowledges and agrees that in accordance with

Section 3(a)(9) of the 1933 Act, the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrant being exercised, and the holding period of the Warrant being exercised may be tacked on to the holding period of the Warrant Shares.

The Company agrees not to take any position contrary to this Section 2(d).

e) Holder’s Exercise Limitations. Notwithstanding anything

to the contrary contained herein, the Company shall not effect the exercise of any portion of this Warrant, and the Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to the terms and conditions of this Warrant and any

such exercise shall be null and void and treated as if never made, to the extent that immediately prior to or after giving effect to such exercise, the Holder together with the other Attribution Parties collectively would beneficially own in excess

of 9.99% (the “Maximum Percentage”) of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise. For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock

beneficially owned by the Holder and the other Attribution Parties shall include the number of shares of Common Stock held by the Holder and all other Attribution Parties plus the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this

Warrant with respect to which the determination of such sentence is being made, but shall exclude the number of shares of Common Stock which would be issuable upon (A) exercise of the remaining, unexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially

owned by the Holder or any of the other Attribution Parties and (B) exercise or conversion of the unexercised or unconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any convertible notes or convertible

preferred stock or warrants, including the other Warrants) beneficially owned by the Holder or any other Attribution Party subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained in this Section 2(e). For

purposes of this Section 2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act, it being acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is in

compliance with Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed in accordance therewith. To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section 2(e) applies, the determination

of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and

the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination. In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act and the

rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. For purposes of this Warrant, in determining the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock the Holder may acquire upon the exercise of this Warrant without exceeding the Maximum Percentage, the Holder

may rely on the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock as reflected in (x) the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Report on Form

10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K or other public filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as the case may be, (y) a more recent public announcement

by the Company or (z) any other written notice by the Company setting forth the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding (the “Reported Outstanding Share Number”). If the Company receives a Notice of Exercise from the

Holder at a time when the actual number of outstanding shares of Common Stock is less than the Reported Outstanding Share Number, the Company shall (i) notify the Holder in writing of the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding and,

to the extent that such Exercise Notice would otherwise cause the Holder’s beneficial ownership, as determined pursuant to this Section 2(e), to exceed the Maximum Percentage, the Holder must notify the Company of a reduced number of

Warrant Shares to be purchased pursuant to such Exercise Notice (the number of shares by which such purchase is reduced, the “Reduction Shares”) and (ii) as soon as

reasonably practicable, the Company shall return to the Holder any exercise price paid by the Holder for the Reduction Shares. For any reason at any time, upon the written request of the Holder,

the Company shall within five (5) Business Days confirm orally and in writing or by electronic mail to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding. In any case, the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be

determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder and any other Attribution Party since the date as of which the Reported Outstanding Share Number was reported. In the

event that the issuance of Common Stock to the Holder upon exercise of this Warrant results in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties being deemed to beneficially own, in the aggregate, more than the Maximum Percentage of the number of

outstanding shares of Common Stock (as determined under Section 13(d) of the 1934 Act), the number of shares so issued by which the Holder’s and the other Attribution Parties’ aggregate beneficial ownership exceeds the Maximum

Percentage (the “Excess Shares”) shall be deemed null and void and shall be cancelled ab initio, and the Holder shall not have the power to vote or to transfer the Excess Shares. As soon as reasonably practicable after the

issuance of the Excess Shares has been deemed null and void, the Company shall return to the Holder the exercise price paid by the Holder for the Excess Shares. Upon delivery of a written notice to the Company, the Holder may from time to time

increase or decrease the Maximum Percentage to any other percentage (not in excess of 19.99% of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock immediately after giving effect to the issuance of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of

this Warrant if exceeding that limit would result in a change of control under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(b) or any successor rule) as specified in such notice; provided that (i) any such increase in the Maximum Percentage will not be

effective until the sixty-first (61st) day after such notice is delivered to the Company and (ii) any such increase or decrease will apply only to the Holder and the other Attribution Parties and not to any other holder of Warrants that is not

an Attribution Party of the Holder. For purposes of clarity, the shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to the terms of this Warrant in excess of the Maximum Percentage shall not be deemed to be beneficially owned by the Holder for any purpose

including for purposes of Section 13(d) or Rule 16a-1(a)(1) of the 1934 Act. No prior inability to exercise this Warrant pursuant to this paragraph shall have any effect on the applicability of the

provisions of this paragraph with respect to any subsequent determination of exercisability. The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 2(e)

to the extent necessary to correct this paragraph or any portion of this paragraph which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended beneficial ownership limitation contained in this Section 2(e) or to make changes or supplements

necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitation contained in this paragraph may not be waived and shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant.

Section 3. Certain Adjustments.

a) Subdivision or Combination of Common Stock. During such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company subdivides (by any stock split, stock

dividend, recapitalization or otherwise) one or more classes of its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a greater number of shares, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such subdivision will be proportionately reduced and the number

of Warrant Shares will be proportionately increased. If the Company at any time on or after the Issue Date combines (by combination, reverse stock split or otherwise) one or more classes of its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller

number of shares, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such combination will be proportionately increased and the number of Warrant Shares will be proportionately decreased. Any adjustment under this Section 3(a) shall become

effective at the close of business on the date the subdivision or combination becomes effective.

b) Subsequent Rights Offerings. In addition to

any adjustments pursuant to Section 3(a) above, if during such time as this Warrant is outstanding the Company grants, issues or sells any rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property, in each case pro rata to the record

holders of any class of shares of Common Stock (the “Purchase Rights”), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have

acquired if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, Section 2(e) hereof) immediately before

the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such

Purchase Rights (provided, however, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage, then the Holder

shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance

for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage).

c) [Reserved].

d) Fundamental Transaction. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related

transactions effects any merger or consolidation with or into another Person, (ii) the Company, directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its

assets in one or a series of related transactions (which, for the avoidance of doubt, shall not include a license or other agreement granting rights to intellectual property), (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange

offer (whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of more than

50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange

pursuant to which the Common Stock is effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase

agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off or scheme of arrangement) with another Person whereby such other Person acquires more than

50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock (not including any shares of Common Stock held by the other Person or other Persons making or party to, or associated or affiliated with the other Persons making or party to, such stock or share purchase

agreement or other business combination) (each a “Fundamental Transaction”), then, upon any subsequent exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon

such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of shares of Common Stock of the

successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (together, the “Alternate Consideration”), if any, receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction

by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant). For purposes of any

such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one share of Common Stock in such Fundamental

Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common Stock are given

any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of this Warrant following such Fundamental

Transaction. Any such payment of such amount of such Alternative Consideration shall be made in the same form of consideration (whether securities, cash or property) as is given to the holders of Common Stock in such Fundamental Transaction, and if

multiple forms of consideration are given, the consideration shall be paid to the Holder in the same proportion as such consideration is paid to the holders of Common Stock. The terms of any agreement pursuant to which a Fundamental Transaction is

effected shall include terms requiring any such successor or surviving entity to comply with the provisions of this Section 3(d) and insuring that this Warrant (or any such replacement security) will be similarly adjusted upon any subsequent

Fundamental Transaction. The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the “Successor Entity”) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under

this Warrant in accordance with the provisions of this Section 3(d) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder (without unreasonable delay) prior to such Fundamental

Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is

exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the shares of Common Stock acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on

the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the shares of Common Stock

pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such adjustments to the number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the

economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the

occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for the Company (so that from and after the date of such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Warrant referring to the

“Company” shall refer instead to the Successor Entity), and may exercise every right and power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant with the same effect as if such Successor Entity had

been named as the Company herein. Notwithstanding the foregoing, and without limiting Section 2(e) hereof, the Holder may elect, at its sole option, by delivery of written notice to the Company to waive this Section 3(d) to permit a

Fundamental Transaction without the assumption of this Warrant.

e) Calculations. All calculations under this Section 3 shall be made to the

nearest cent or the nearest whole share, as the case may be. For purposes of this Section 3, any calculation of the number of shares of Common Stock deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall not include treasury shares, if

any. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 3, no adjustment in the Exercise Price shall be required unless such adjustment would require an increase or decrease of at least 1% in such price; provided however,

that any adjustments which by reason of the immediately preceding sentence are not required to be made shall be carried forward and taken into account in any subsequent adjustment. In any case in which this Section 3 shall require that an

adjustment in the Exercise Price be made effective as of a record date for a specified event, if Holder exercises this Warrant after such record date, the Company may elect to defer, until the occurrence of such event, the issuance of the shares of

Common Stock and other capital stock of the Company in excess of the shares of Common Stock and other capital stock of the Company, if any, issuable upon such exercise on the basis of the Exercise Price in effect prior to such adjustment;

provided, however, that in such case the Company shall deliver to the Holder a due bill or other appropriate instrument evidencing the Holder’s right to receive such additional shares and/or other capital securities upon the

occurrence of the event requiring such adjustment.

f) Par Value. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Warrant, in no event shall the

Exercise Price be reduced below the par value of the Company’s Common Stock.

Section 4. Transfer of Warrant.

a) Transferability. Subject to compliance with any applicable securities laws, this Warrant and all rights hereunder are transferable, in whole or in

part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company (or other designated agent), together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or

attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such transfer. Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or

assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned, and this Warrant shall promptly be

cancelled. The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.

b) New Warrants. This Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company (or other

designated agent), together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney. Subject to compliance with Section 4(a), as to any transfer which

may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or

exchanges shall be dated the Issue Date set forth on the first page of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto.

c) Warrant Register. The Company shall initially serve as warrant agent under this Warrant. The Company shall register ownership of this Warrant, upon

records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the “Warrant Register”), in the name of the record Holder (which shall include the initial Holder or, as the case may be, any assignee to which this Warrant is assigned

hereunder) from time to time. Upon thirty (30) days’ notice to the Holder, the Company may appoint a new warrant agent. Any corporation into which the Company or any new warrant agent may be merged or any corporation resulting from any

consolidation to which the Company or any new warrant

agent shall be a party or any corporation to which the Company or any new warrant agent transfers substantially all of its corporate trust or shareholders services business shall be a successor

warrant agent under this Warrant without any further act. Any such successor warrant agent shall promptly cause notice of its succession as warrant agent to be mailed (by first class mail, postage prepaid) to the Holder at the Holder’s last

address as shown on the Warrant Register. The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent

actual notice to the contrary.

Section 5. Miscellaneous.

a) No Rights as Stockholder Until Exercise. This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights as a stockholder

of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section 2.

b) Loss, Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant. The Company

covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to them of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any stock certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction,

of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it, and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or stock certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or stock certificate of like tenor and dated as of such

cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or stock certificate.

c) Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc. If the last or appointed day for the taking of

any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Business Day, then, such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Business Day.

d) Authorized Shares. The Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Common

Stock a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights under this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise contained herein). The Company further covenants that

its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the duty of executing stock certificates to execute and issue the necessary certificates for the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase

rights under this Warrant. The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the

Trading Market. The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant will, upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such

Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer

occurring contemporaneously with such issue). Except and to the extent as waived or consented to by the Holder, the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its certificate of incorporation or through any

reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary action, in each case to avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at

all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment. Without limiting the

generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i) not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii) take all such action as may be

necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant and (iii) use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations,

exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under this Warrant.

e) Governing Law. This Warrant shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York without giving effect to the

conflicts of law principles thereof.

f) Nonwaiver and Expenses. No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right

hereunder on the part of the Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder’s rights, powers or remedies. Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to

comply with any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable

attorneys’ fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.

g) Notices.

i. Notice Procedures. Any and all

notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of: (a) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is

delivered via email or facsimile at or prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on a Trading Day, (b) the next Trading Day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via email or facsimile on a day that is not a

Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (c) the second (2nd) Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service or by International Federal Express,

(d) the third (3rd) Trading Day following the date of mailing if sent by first-class registered or certified mail domestic, or (e) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. The addresses for such

communications shall be:

If to the Company:

Inovio

Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

6769 Mesa Ridge Road

San Diego, CA

92121

Attention: Chief Financial Officer & Vice President, Accounting and Finance

Telephone: (858) 410-3134

Email: [●]

With copy to:

Cooley LLP

1299 Pennsylvania Avenue NW

Washington, DC 20004

Attention: Darah Protas

Email: [●]

If to the Holder:

To the address, email address or facsimile number set forth in the Warrant Register, or as otherwise provided by the Holder to the Company in accordance with

this Section 5(g)(i).

ii. Adjustment to Exercise Price. Whenever the Exercise Price or number of Warrant Shares is adjusted pursuant to any

provision of Section 3, the Company shall promptly provide the Holder a notice setting forth the Exercise Price and number of Warrant Shares after such adjustment and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment.

iii. Notice to Allow Exercise by the Holder. After the Issue Date if (A) the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in

whatever form) on the Common Stock, (B) the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Common Stock, (C) the Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of the Common Stock rights or

warrants to subscribe for or purchase any shares of capital stock of any class or of any rights, (D) the approval of any stockholders of the Company shall be required in connection with any reclassification of the Common Stock, any

consolidation or merger to which the Company is a party, any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company (which, for the avoidance of doubt, shall not include a license or other agreement granting rights to intellectual

property), or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Common Stock is converted into other securities, cash or property, or (E) the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of

the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be mailed to the Holder at its last address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register, at least ten (10) calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter

specified, a notice stating (x) the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of the Common Stock of

record to be entitled to such

dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are to be determined or (y) the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is

expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Common Stock of record shall be entitled to exchange their shares of the Common Stock for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such

reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to mail such notice or any defect therein or in the mailing thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be

specified in such notice. The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth

herein.

h) Limitation of Liability. No provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to

purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Common Stock or as a stockholder of the Company, whether such liability is

asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company.

i) Remedies. The Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights granted by

law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant. The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of a breach by it of the

provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate. Notwithstanding the foregoing or anything else herein to the contrary, if the Company

is for any reason unable to issue and deliver Warrant Shares upon exercise of this Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof, the Company shall have no obligation to pay to the Holder any cash or other consideration or otherwise “net

cash settle” this Warrant.

j) Successors and Assigns. Subject to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations

evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of the Holder. The provisions of this Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any

Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares.

k) Amendment. This Warrant may be

modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company and the Holder.

l) Severability. Wherever possible,

each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to

the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant.

Confidentiality. The Holder agrees to keep confidential any proprietary information relating to the Company delivered by the Company hereunder; provided that nothing herein shall prevent the Holder from disclosing such information:

(i) to any holder of Warrants or Warrant Shares, (ii) to any Affiliate of any holder of Warrants or Warrant Shares or any actual or potential transferee of the rights or obligations hereunder that agrees to be bound by this

Section 5(m), (iii) upon order, subpoena, or other process of any court or administrative agency or otherwise required by law, (iv) upon the request or demand of any regulatory agency or authority having jurisdiction over such party,

(v) which has been publicly disclosed without breach of any obligation to the Company, (vi) which has been obtained from any Person that is not a party hereto or an Affiliate of any such party without any breach of any obligation to the

Company, (vii) in connection with the exercise of any remedy, or the resolution of any dispute hereunder, (viii) to the legal counsel or certified public accountants for any holder of Warrants or Warrant Shares, or (ix) as otherwise

expressly contemplated by this Warrant. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not provide material, non-public information or confidential or proprietary information to the Holder without such

Holder’s written consent.

n) Dispute Resolution. In the case of a dispute as to the determination of the Exercise Price or the arithmetic

calculation of the Warrant Shares, the Company shall submit the disputed determinations or arithmetic calculations via facsimile within two (2) Business Days of receipt of the Notice of Exercise giving rise to such dispute, as the case may be,

to the Holder. If the Holder and the Company are unable to agree upon such determination or calculation of the Exercise Price or the Warrant Shares within three Business Days of such disputed determination or

arithmetic calculation being submitted to the Holder, then the Company shall, within two (2) Business Days submit via facsimile (i) the disputed determination of the Exercise Price to

an independent, reputable investment bank selected by the Company and approved by the Holder or (ii) the disputed arithmetic calculation of the Warrant Shares to the Company’s independent, outside accountant. The Company shall cause at

its expense the investment bank or the accountant, as the case may be, to perform the determinations or calculations and notify the Company and the Holder of the results no later than ten (10) Business Days from the time it receives the

disputed determinations or calculations. Such investment bank’s or accountant’s determination or calculation, as the case may be, shall be binding upon all parties absent demonstrable error. The expenses of the investment bank and

accountant will be borne by the Company unless the investment bank or accountant determines that the determination of the Exercise Price or the arithmetic calculation of the Warrant Shares by the Holder was incorrect, in which case the expenses of

the investment bank and accountant will be borne by the Holder.

o) Headings. The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of

reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant.

********************

(Signature Pages Follow)

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly

authorized as of the date first above indicated.

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

By:

Name:

Title:

NOTICE OF EXERCISE

TO: INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(1) The undersigned holder of

Warrant No. PF- hereby elects to purchase _____Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only if exercised in full), and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full,

together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.

(2) Payment shall take the form of (check applicable box):

☐ Cash Exercise: lawful money of the United States; or

☐ Cashless Exercise: the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in Section 2(d),

to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise procedure set forth in Section 2(d).

(3) Please issue said Warrant Shares in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below:

(4) By its delivery of this Notice of Exercise, the undersigned represents and warrants to the Company that in giving

effect to the exercise evidenced hereby the Holder will not beneficially own in excess of the number of shares of Common Stock (as determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) permitted to be

owned under Section 2(e) of the Warrant to which this notice relates.

The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number or

by physical delivery of a certificate to:

[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER]

Name of Investing Entity:______________________________

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity: _______________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: _______________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: ________________________________

Date: ___________________

ASSIGNMENT FORM

(To assign the foregoing warrant, execute

this form and supply required information.

Do not use this form to exercise the warrant.)

FOR VALUE RECEIVED, [ ] all of or [ ] shares of the foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to

______________________________ whose address is ________________________________________________________.

Dated: _______________

Holder’s Signature:

Holder’s Address:

NOTE: The signature to this Assignment Form must correspond with the name as it appears on the face of the Warrant, without

alteration or enlargement or any change whatsoever.

EX-4.2

Filename: d137120dex42.htm · Sequence: 4

EX-4.2

Exhibit 4.2

WARRANT TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Warrant Shares: [ ]

Issue Date: April 6, 2026

THIS WARRANT TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK (the “Warrant”) certifies that, for value received,

[___] or its assigns (the “Holder”) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after the Issue Date (the “Initial Exercise

Date”) and on or prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on that date that is twelve (12) months from the Issue Date (the “Termination Date”) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from Inovio

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), up to [ ] shares (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the “Warrant Shares”) of Common Stock of the Company or the same number

of pre-funded warrants of the Company (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) with an exercise price

of $0.001 in substantially the same form of the Pre-Funded Warrant included in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the

Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Underwriting Agreement, in lieu of Warrant Shares as provided for herein. The purchase price of one share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be equal to

the Exercise Price, as defined in Section 2(b).

Section 1. Definitions. Capitalized terms used and

not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in that certain Underwriting Agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”), dated April 2, 2026, by and between the Company and Piper Sandler & Co., as

representative of the underwriters named therein.

Section 2. Exercise.

(a) Exercise of Warrant. Exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any time or

times on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company of a duly executed copy submitted by email (or email attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form annexed hereto (the “Notice

of Exercise”). Within one Trading Day following the date of exercise as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the aggregate Exercise Price for the Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) specified in

the applicable Notice of Exercise by wire transfer on a United States bank unless the cashless exercise procedure specified in Section 2(c) below is specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise. No

ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required. Notwithstanding anything herein to the

contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has purchased all of the Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) available hereunder and the

Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within three Trading Days of the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of

this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares

(or Pre-Funded Warrants) purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) so purchased. The Holder and the

Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) purchased and the date of such purchases. The Company shall deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise on the

Trading Day of receipt of such notice. The Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) available for purchase hereunder at any given time may be less than the amount stated on

the face hereof.

(b) Exercise Price. The exercise price (i) per share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be $1.40,

subject to adjustment hereunder or (ii) per Pre-Funded Warrant under this Warrant shall be $1.399, subject to adjustment hereunder (the “Exercise Price”).

(c) Cashless Exercise. If at the time of exercise hereof, there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus

contained therein is not available for the issuance or resale of the Warrant Shares to or by the Holder, then this Warrant may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a “cashless exercise” in which the Holder

shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing [(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:

(A) =

as applicable: (i) the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is (1) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a day

that is not a Trading Day or (2) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of “regular trading hours” (as defined in Rule 600(b)(68) of Regulation NMS promulgated under

the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day, (ii) at the option of the Holder, either (x) the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise or (y) the Bid Price of the Common Stock on

the principal Trading Market as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (“Bloomberg”) as of the time of the Holder’s execution of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is executed during “regular trading

hours” on a Trading Day and is delivered within two hours thereafter (including until two hours after the close of “regular trading hours” on a Trading Day) pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof or (iii) the VWAP on the date of

the applicable Notice of Exercise if the date of such Notice of Exercise is a Trading Day and such Notice of Exercise is both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof after the close of “regular trading hours” on such

Trading Day;

(B) =

the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and

(X) =

the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.

If Warrant Shares are issued in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance

with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised. The Company agrees not to take any position contrary to this Section 2(c).

“Bid Price” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the

Common Stock is then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Common Stock for the time in question (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg

(based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b) if the Common Stock is not then listed on a Trading Market and if the prices for the Common Stock are then reported on the OTCQB Venture Market

(“OTCQB”) or OTCQX Best Market (“OTCQX”), as applicable, the volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the

Common Stock is not then listed or quoted for trading on a Trading Market or on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting

prices) (“The Pink Open Market”), the most recent bid price per share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined by an independent appraiser

selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

“VWAP” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common

Stock is then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by

Bloomberg (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b) if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding

date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency

succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined by an independent appraiser

selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

(d) Mechanics of Exercise.

i. Delivery of Warrant Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants Upon Exercise. The Company shall

cause the Warrant Shares issued in connection with an exercise of the Warrant to be transmitted by the Transfer Agent to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with The Depository Trust

Company through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (“DWAC”) if the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A) there is an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the Warrant

Shares to or resale of the Warrant Shares by the Holder or (B) this Warrant is being exercised via cashless exercise, and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company’s share register in the name of the

Holder or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earlier of (i) one Trading Day after the

delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise and (ii) one Trading Day after delivery of the aggregate Exercise Price to the Company (such date, the “Warrant Share Delivery Date”). Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise,

the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery of the Warrant Shares, provided that payment

of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received by the Warrant Share Delivery Date. If the Company fails for any reason to deliver to the Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice of Exercise by the

Warrant Share Delivery Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise (based on the VWAP of the Common Stock on the date of the applicable

Notice of Exercise), $10 per Trading Day (increasing to $20 per Trading Day on the third Trading Day after such liquidated damages begin to accrue) for each Trading Day after such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered

or Holder rescinds such exercise. The Company agrees to maintain a transfer agent (the “Transfer Agent”) that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding and exercisable. Notwithstanding the

foregoing, the Holder may, to the extent permitted under Section 2(e) exercise this Warrant into Pre-Funded Warrants. The Company shall cause the

Pre-Funded Warrants issued in connection with an exercise of the Warrant to be issued and dispatched by overnight courier to the address as specified in the Notice of Exercise, by the date that is the latest

of (i) five (5) Trading Days after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise and (ii) five (5) Trading Days after delivery of the aggregate applicable Exercise Price to the Company (the

“Pre-Funded Warrant Delivery Date”).

ii. Delivery of New Warrants Upon

Exercise. If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant

evidencing the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant.

iii. Rescission Rights. If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to

Section 2(d)(i) by the Warrant Share Delivery Date or the Pre-Funded Warrant Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise by providing the Company with written notice of

recission.

iv. Compensation for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants Upon Exercise. In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) in accordance with the provisions of Section 2(d)(i) above pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date or the Pre-Funded

Warrant Delivery Date (other than a failure that is solely due to any action or inaction by the Holder with respect to such exercise), and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market transaction or

otherwise) or the Holder’s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) which the Holder

anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a “Buy-In”), then the Company shall (A) pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x) the Holder’s total purchase price

(including brokerage commissions, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so purchased exceeds (y) the amount obtained by multiplying (1) the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with

such exercise by (2) the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, and (B) at the option of the Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which

such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock that would have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery

obligations hereunder. For example, if the Holder purchases Common Stock having a total purchase price of $11,000 to cover a Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of Warrant Shares with an aggregate

sale price giving rise to such purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A) of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall be required to pay the Holder $1,000. The Holder shall provide the Company written notice indicating the

amounts payable to the

Holder in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss. Nothing herein shall limit a Holder’s right to

pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s failure to timely deliver shares of Common Stock

upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof.

v. No Fractional Shares or Scrip. No fractional shares or

scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant. As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the number of Warrant Shares to be issued shall be

rounded down to the nearest whole number and the Company shall, at its election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or round up to the next whole share.

vi. Charges, Taxes and Expenses. Issuance and delivery of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue

or transfer tax or other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such Warrant Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names

as may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that, in the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment

Form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto. The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for

same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for

same-day electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares. Subject to the foregoing, the Holder shall be responsible for all other tax liability that may arise as a result of holding or transferring this Warrant or

receiving Warrant Shares upon exercise hereof, including any United States withholding taxes imposed on any dividends or deemed dividends, and the Company shall be entitled to withhold such tax liability from shares of Common Stock, sales proceeds

subsequently paid or credited, or other amounts payable or distributable to the relevant Holder as required by applicable law.

(e)

Holder’s Exercise Limitations. The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section 2 or otherwise, to the extent that after

giving effect to such issuance after exercise as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder’s Affiliates, and any other Persons acting as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder’s

Affiliates and any other Persons whose beneficial ownership of the shares of Common Stock would or could be aggregated with the Holder’s for the purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act (such Persons, “Attribution

Parties”)), would exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below). For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution Parties shall

include the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination is being made, but shall exclude the number of Warrant Shares which would be issuable upon (i) exercise of the

remaining, nonexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii) exercise or conversion of the unexercised or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company

(including, without limitation, any other Common Stock Equivalents) subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties.

Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, for purposes of this Section 2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, it being

acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is in compliance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed in

accordance therewith. To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section 2(e) applies, the determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and

Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder’s determination of whether this Warrant is

exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company

shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination (other than to the extent that the information on the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock is provided by the Company, either directly or through one or more

public filings relied upon by the Holder). In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and

regulations promulgated thereunder. For purposes of this Section 2(e), in determining the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock, a Holder may rely on the number of outstanding shares

of Common Stock as reflected in (A) the Company’s most recent periodic or annual report filed with the Commission, as the case may be, (B) a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C) a more recent written notice by

the Company or the Transfer Agent setting forth the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. Upon the written or oral request of a Holder, the Company shall within one Trading Day confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of shares

of Common Stock then outstanding. In any case, the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder or its

Affiliates or Attribution Parties since the date as of which such number of outstanding shares of Common Stock was reported. The “Beneficial Ownership Limitation” shall be 4.99% (or, upon election by the Holder prior to the

issuance of this Warrant, 9.99%) of the number of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant. In the event the Holder holds less than 20% of the

number of shares of Common Stock outstanding prior to giving effect to the issuance of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant, the Holder, upon notice to the Company, may increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership

Limitation provisions of this Section 2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in no event exceeds 19.99% of the number of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Warrant Shares

upon exercise of this Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section 2(e) shall continue to apply. Any increase in the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61st day after such notice is delivered to the

Company. If the Holder is not permitted to exercise this Warrant for Warrant Shares due to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation described in this Section 2(e), then the Holder may exercise this Warrant for an equivalent number of Pre-Funded Warrants. For the avoidance of doubt, the Holder may not exercise this Warrant into Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu of Warrant Shares under

circumstances other than those expressly set forth in this Section 2(e). The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 2(e) to correct

this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The

limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant.

Section 3.

Certain Adjustments.

(a) Stock Dividends and Splits. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding:

(i) pays a stock dividend or otherwise makes a distribution or distributions on shares of its Common Stock or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in shares of Common Stock (which, for avoidance of doubt, shall not include

any Warrant Shares issued by the Company upon exercise of this Warrant), (ii) subdivides outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares, (iii) combines (including by way of reverse stock split) outstanding shares of Common

Stock into a smaller number of shares, or (iv) issues by reclassification of shares of the Common Stock any shares of capital stock of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator

shall be the number of shares of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after such event, and the

number of Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that the aggregate Exercise Price of this Warrant shall remain unchanged. Any

adjustment made pursuant to this Section 3(a) shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution and shall become effective immediately after the

effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re-classification.

(b) Subsequent

Rights Offerings. In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 3(a) above, if at any time the Company grants, issues or sells any Common Stock Equivalents or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to

all (or substantially all) of the record holders of any class of shares of Common Stock (the “Purchase Rights”), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate

Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation,

the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock

are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder’s right to

participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to

such extent (or beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto

would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of shares of Common Stock, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without

limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) other than dividends or distributions

subject to Section 3(a) above (a “Distribution”), or other than a reclassification to which Section 3(d) applies, then at any time after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled

to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations

on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of

Common Stock are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the

Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any shares of Common Stock as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and the portion

of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

(d) Fundamental Transaction. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or

more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii) the Company (all of its subsidiaries, taken as a whole) directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment,

transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another

Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of the outstanding Common Stock or 50%

or more of the voting power of the outstanding common equity of the Company, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Common Stock or

any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Common Stock is effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a

stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of

Persons whereby such other Person or group acquires 50% or more of the outstanding shares of Common Stock or 50% or more of the voting power of the outstanding common equity of the Company (each a “Fundamental Transaction”), then,

upon any subsequent exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of

the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of shares of Common Stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any

additional consideration (the “Alternate Consideration”) receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such

Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant). For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate

Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one share of Common Stock in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable

manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common Stock are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder

shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of this Warrant following such Fundamental Transaction. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction, the Company

or any Successor Entity (as defined below) shall, at the Holder’s option, exercisable at any time concurrently with, or within 30 days after, the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction (or, if later, the date of the public announcement of

the

applicable Fundamental Transaction), purchase this Warrant from the Holder by paying to the Holder an amount of cash equal to the Black Scholes Value (as defined below) of the remaining

unexercised portion of this Warrant on the date of the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction; provided, however, that, if the Fundamental Transaction is not within the Company’s control, including not approved by the

Company’s Board of Directors, Holder shall only be entitled to receive from the Company or any Successor Entity, as of the date of consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, the same type or form of consideration (and in the same

proportion), valued at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of this Warrant, that is being offered and paid to the holders of Common Stock of the Company in connection with the Fundamental Transaction, whether that consideration be in

the form of cash, stock or any combination thereof, or whether the holders of Common Stock are given the choice to receive from among alternative forms of consideration in connection with the Fundamental Transaction; provided, further,

that if holders of Common Stock of the Company are not offered or paid any consideration in such Fundamental Transaction, such holders of Common Stock will be deemed to have received common stock of the Successor Entity (which Successor Entity may

be the Company following such Fundamental Transaction) in such Fundamental Transaction. “Black Scholes Value” means the value of this Warrant based on the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model obtained from the “OV”

function on Bloomberg determined as of the day of consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction for pricing purposes and reflecting (A) a risk-free interest rate corresponding to the U.S. Treasury rate for a period equal to the time

between the date of the public announcement of the applicable Fundamental Transaction and the Termination Date, (B) an expected volatility equal to the greater of 100% and the 100 day volatility obtained from the HVT function on Bloomberg

(determined utilizing a 365 day annualization factor) as of the Trading Day immediately following the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction, (C) the underlying price per share used in such calculation shall

be the greater of (i) the sum of the price per share being offered in cash, if any, plus the value of any non-cash consideration, if any, being offered in such Fundamental Transaction and (ii) the

highest VWAP during the period beginning on the Trading Day immediately preceding the public announcement of the applicable Fundamental Transaction (or the consummation of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction, if earlier) and ending

on the Trading Day of the Holder’s request pursuant to this Section 3(d) and (D) a remaining option time equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and the

Termination Date and (E) a zero cost of borrow. The payment of the Black Scholes Value will be made by wire transfer of immediately available funds (or such other consideration) within the later of (i) five Business Days of the

Holder’s election and (ii) the effective date of the Fundamental Transaction. The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the “Successor Entity”)

to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents in accordance with the provisions of this Section 3(d) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably

satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder (without unreasonable delay) prior to such Fundamental Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity

evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the shares of

Common Stock acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to

such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise

price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any

such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for (so that from and after the date of such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents referring to the

effect as if such Successor Entity had been named as the Company herein. For the avoidance of doubt, the Holder shall be entitled to the benefits of the provisions of this Section 3(d) regardless of whether the Company has sufficient authorized

shares of Common Stock for the issuance of Warrant Shares.

(e) Calculations. All calculations under this Section 3 shall be

made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as the case may be. For purposes of this Section 3, the number of shares of Common Stock deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall be the sum of the number of shares

of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and outstanding.

(f) Notice to Holder.

i. Adjustment to Exercise Price. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section 3, the Company

shall promptly deliver to the Holder by email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment to the number of Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) and setting

forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment.

ii. Notice to Allow Exercise by Holder. If (A) the Company

shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Common Stock, (B) the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Common Stock, (C) the Company shall authorize the

granting to all holders of the Common Stock rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any shares of capital stock of any class or of any rights, (D) the approval of any stockholders of the Company shall be required in connection with a

Fundamental Transaction, any reclassification of the Common Stock, any consolidation or merger to which the Company (or any of its subsidiaries) is a party, any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or any

compulsory share exchange whereby the Common Stock is converted into other securities, cash or property, or (E) the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then,

in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by email to the Holder at its last email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least 20 calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date

hereinafter specified, a notice (unless such information is filed with the Commission, in which case a notice shall not be required) stating (x) the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution,

redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of the Common Stock of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are to be determined or (y) the

date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Common Stock of record shall be entitled to exchange

their shares of the Common Stock for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein or in the

delivery thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice. To the extent that any notice provided in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material,

non-public information regarding the Company or any of the subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K. The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly

set forth herein.

Section 4. Transfer of Warrant.

(a) Transferability. Subject to compliance with any applicable securities laws, this Warrant and all rights hereunder are transferable,

in whole or in part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent

or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such transfer. Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or

cancelled. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this

Warrant to the Company within three Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to the Company assigning this Warrant in full. The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder

for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.

(b) New Warrants. This Warrant may be divided or combined

with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company, together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney. Subject

to compliance with Section 4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in

accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the Issue Date of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto.

maintained by the Company for that purpose (the “Warrant Register”), in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time. The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for

the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent actual notice to the contrary.

Section 5. Miscellaneous.

(a) No Rights as Stockholder Until Exercise; No Settlement in Cash. This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights,

dividends or other rights as a stockholder of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section 2(d)(i), except as expressly set forth in Section 3. Without limiting the rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a

“cashless exercise” pursuant to Section 2(c), or to receive cash payments contemplated by Section 2(d)(i) and Section 2(d)(iv) herein, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle an exercise of this

Warrant.

(b) Loss, Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence

reasonably satisfactory to it of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any stock certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it

(which, in the case of the Warrant, shall not include the posting of any bond), and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or stock certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or stock certificate of like

tenor and dated as of such cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or stock certificate.

the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Trading Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Trading Day.

(d) Authorized Shares.

The Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Common Stock a

sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant. The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the

duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant. The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without violation of any

applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the Common Stock may be listed. The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant will, upon exercise hereunder

and payment for such Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in

respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue).

Except and to the extent as waived or consented to by the Holder,

the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its certificate of incorporation or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary

action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or

appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i) not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable

therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii) take all such action as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon

the exercise of this Warrant and (iii) use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to

perform its obligations under this Warrant.

Before taking any action which would result in an adjustment in the number of Warrant Shares

for which this Warrant is exercisable or in the Exercise Price, the Company shall obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be necessary from any public regulatory body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof.

(e) Jurisdiction. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be

determined in accordance with the provisions of the Underwriting Agreement.

(f) Restrictions. The Holder acknowledges that the Warrant Shares acquired upon the

exercise of this Warrant, if not registered, and the Holder does not utilize cashless exercise, will have restrictions upon resale imposed by state and federal securities laws.

(g) Nonwaiver and Expenses. No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall

operate as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder’s rights, powers or remedies. Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant or the Underwriting Agreement, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to comply with

any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’

fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.

(h) Notices. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries hereunder (including, without limitation, any Notice of

Exercise) shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (i) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via confirmed email prior to 5:30 P.M., New York City time, on a Trading Day,

(ii) the next Trading Day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via confirmed e-mail on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 P.M., New York

City time, on any Trading Day, (iii) the Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by nationally recognized overnight courier service specifying next business day delivery, or (iv) upon actual receipt by the Person to whom such

notice is required to be given, if by hand delivery. The addresses and e-mail addresses for such communications shall be:

If to the Company:

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

6769 Mesa Ridge Road

San Diego, CA 92121

Attention: Chief Financial Officer & Vice President, Accounting and Finance

Telephone: (858) 410-3134

Email: [●]

With copy to:

Cooley LLP

1299 Pennsylvania Avenue NW

Washington, DC 20004

Attention: Darah Protas

Email: [●]

If to the Holder, to its address or e-mail address on the books and records of the Company.

(i) Warrant Agent. The

Company shall initially serve as warrant agent under this Warrant. Upon ten (10) days’ notice to the Holder, the Company may appoint a new warrant agent. Any corporation into which the Company or any new warrant agent may be merged or any

corporation resulting from any consolidation to which the Company or any new warrant agent shall be a party or any corporation to which the Company or any new warrant agent transfers substantially all of its corporate trust or shareholders services

business shall be a successor warrant agent under this Warrant without any further act. Any such successor warrant agent shall promptly cause notice of its succession as warrant agent to be mailed (by first class mail, postage prepaid) to the Holder

at the Holder’s last address as shown on the Warrant Register.

(j) Limitation of Liability. No provision hereof, in the

absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any

Common Stock or as a stockholder of the Company, whether such liability is asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company.

(k) Remedies. The Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights

granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant. The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of a breach by it

of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate.

(l) Successors and Assigns. Subject to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall

inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of Holder. The provisions of this Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of

this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares.

(m) Amendment. This Warrant may be modified or

amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company, on the one hand, and the Holder of this Warrant, on the other hand.

(n) Severability. Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid

under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such

provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant.

(o) Headings. The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of

reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant.

********************

(Signature Page Follows)

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer

thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above indicated.

Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

By:

Name:

Title:

NOTICE OF EXERCISE

TO: INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(1) The

undersigned hereby elects to purchase ________ [Warrant Shares][Pre-Funded Warrants] of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant, and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full,

together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.

(2) Payment shall take the form of (check applicable box):

[ ] in lawful money of the United States; or

[ ]

[if permitted the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection 2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the

cashless exercise procedure set forth in subsection 2(c).

(3) Please issue said [Warrant

Shares][Pre-Funded Warrants] in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below:

The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number:

The Pre-Funded Warrants shall be delivered to the following address:

[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER]

Name of Investing Entity:

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity:

Name of Authorized Signatory:

Title of Authorized Signatory:

Date:

EXHIBIT B

ASSIGNMENT FORM

(To assign the foregoing

Warrant, execute this form and supply required information. Do not use this form to exercise the Warrant to purchase shares.)

FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the

foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to

Name:

(Please Print)

Address:

(Please Print)

Phone Number:

Email Address:

Dated: __________________________________ __, ______

Holder’s Signature: ___________________________________________________

Holder’s Address: ________________________________________________

EX-4.3

Filename: d137120dex43.htm · Sequence: 5

EX-4.3

Exhibit 4.3

WARRANT TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK

INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Warrant Shares: [ ]

Issue Date: April 6, 2026

THIS WARRANT TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK (the “Warrant”) certifies that, for value received,

Date”) and on or prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on that date that is five years from the Issue Date (the “Termination Date”) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a

Delaware corporation (the “Company”), up to [ ] shares (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the “Warrant Shares”) of Common Stock of the Company or the same number of pre-funded warrants of the Company (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) with an exercise price of $0.001

in substantially the same form of the Pre-Funded Warrant included in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and

Exchange Commission in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Underwriting Agreement, in lieu of Warrant Shares as provided for herein. The purchase price of one share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise

Price, as defined in Section 2(b).

Section 1. Definitions. Capitalized terms used and not otherwise

defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in that certain Underwriting Agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”), dated April 2, 2026, by and between the Company and Piper Sandler & Co., as representative of

the underwriters named therein.

Section 2. Exercise.

(a) Exercise of Warrant. Exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any time or

of Exercise”). Within one Trading Day following the date of exercise as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the aggregate Exercise Price for the Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) specified in

the applicable Notice of Exercise by wire transfer on a United States bank unless the cashless exercise procedure specified in Section 2(c) below is specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise. No

(or Pre-Funded Warrants) purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrants) so purchased. The Holder and the

the face hereof.

(b) Exercise Price. The exercise price (i) per share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be $1.40,

subject to adjustment hereunder or (ii) per Pre-Funded Warrant under this Warrant shall be $1.399, subject to adjustment hereunder (the “Exercise Price”).

(c) Cashless Exercise. If at the time of exercise hereof, there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus

shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing [(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:

(A) =

Trading Day;

(B) =

the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and

(X) =

If Warrant Shares are issued in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance

“Bid Price” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the

“VWAP” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common

selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

(d) Mechanics of Exercise.

i. Delivery of Warrant Shares or Pre-Funded Warrants Upon Exercise. The Company shall

foregoing, the Holder may, to the extent permitted under Section 2(e) exercise this Warrant into Pre-Funded Warrants. The Company shall cause the

of (i) five (5) Trading Days after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise and (ii) five (5) Trading Days after delivery of the aggregate applicable Exercise Price to the Company (the

“Pre-Funded Warrant Delivery Date”).

ii. Delivery of New Warrants Upon

iii. Rescission Rights. If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to

recission.

anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a “Buy-In”), then the Company shall (A) pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x) the Holder’s total purchase price

amounts payable to the

Holder in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss. Nothing herein shall limit a Holder’s right to

upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof.

v. No Fractional Shares or Scrip. No fractional shares or

vi. Charges, Taxes and Expenses. Issuance and delivery of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue

same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for

subsequently paid or credited, or other amounts payable or distributable to the relevant Holder as required by applicable law.

(e)

regulations promulgated thereunder. For purposes of this Section 2(e), in determining the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock, a Holder may rely on the number of outstanding shares

limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant.

Section 3.

Certain Adjustments.

(a) Stock Dividends and Splits. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding:

effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re-classification.

(b) Subsequent

are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder’s right to